• Série de Módulos Universitários E4J: Prevenção do Crime e Justiça Criminal
  

• Módulo 7: Alternativas à prisão
  

• Introdução e Objetivos de Aprendizagem
  

• Questões Chave
  

  • Tópico Um: Objetivos e relevância das penas não privativas de liberdade
    
  • Tópico Dois: Justificação da pena
    
  • Tópico Três: Alternativas ao Processo
    
  • Tópico Quatro: Alternativas Pós-Sentenciais
    
  • Tópico Cinco: Avaliação das Alternativas
    
  • Resumo
    
  • Referências Bibliográficas
    

• Exercícios

• Casos Práticos
  

• Exemplo de Estrutura de Aula
  

• Leitura Essencial

• Leitura Avançada

• Avaliação dos Estudantes
  

• Materiais de Ensino Adicionais
  

• Guia para desenvolver uma disciplina autónoma
  

•  

• Tradução portuguesa publicada em 7 de junho de 2021

•  

 Este módulo é um recurso para professores 

Referências Bibliográficas

• Amnesty International (2014). Fair Trial Manual . London: Amnesty International.
• Ashworth, Andrew (2007). Sentencing. In M. Maguire, R. Morgan, R. Reiner, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Aviram, Hadar (2015). Are Private Prisons to Blame for Mass Incarceration and Its Evils? Prison Conditions Neoliberalism and Public Choice. Fordham Urban Law Journal, vol. 39, 1-45.
• Baier, Kurt (1977). The Strengths and Limits of the Theory of Retributive Punishment. Philosophic Exchange, vol. 8, No. 1, 37-53.
• Bandyopadhyay, Mahuya (2006). Competing masculinities in a prison. Men and Masculinities, vol. 9, No. 2, 186-203.
• Barton, Alana (2005). Incapacitation Theory. In M. Bosworth, eds. Encyclopaedia of Prisons and Correctional Facilities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishing.
• Baujard, Antoinette (2009). A return to Bentham's felicific calculus: From moral welfarism to technical non-welfarism. European Journal History of Economic Thought, vol. 16, No. 3, 431-453.
• Berer, Marge (2017). Abortion Law and Policy around the World: In Search of Decriminalization. Health and Human Rights Journal, vol. 19, No. 1, 13-27.
• Bernardi, Alessandro (2016). Prison Overcrowding and Alternatives to Detention: European Sources and National Legal Systems. Italy: Jovene Editore.
• Binder, Guyora and Notterman, Ben (2017). Penal Incapacitation: A Situationist Critique. American Criminal Law Review, vol. 54, No. 1, 1-56.
• Bloom, Barbara (2015). Meeting the needs of women in California's County Justice Systems . California: Californians for Safety and Justice.
• Boraine, Alex (2002). Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: The Third Way. In R. Rotberg and D. Thompson, eds. Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Brooks, Thom (2001). Corlett on Kant, Hegel and retribution. Philosophy, vol. 76, No. 4, 561-580.
• Castellano, Ursula and Anderson, Leon (2013). Mental Health Courts in America: Promise and Challenges. American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 57, No. 2, 163-173.
• Cavadino, Michael and Dignan, James (2007). The Penal System: An Introduction. London: Sage Publications.
• Center for Health and Justice at TASC (2013). No Entry: A National Survey of Criminal Justice Diversion Programs and Initiatives. Chicago: Center for Health and Justice at TASC.
• Centre for Justice Innovation (2018). Renewing Trust: How can we improve the relationship between probation and the courts. London: Centre for Justice Innovation.
• Cohen, Stanley (1985). Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Columbia Reports. " Everything you need to know about Colombia's transitional justice system". 25 September 2017.
• Columbia University Justice Lab (2018). Too big to succeed: The impact of the growth of community corrections and what should be done about it . New York: Columbia University.
• Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (2017a). Measures to Reduce Pretrial Detention. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
• Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (2017b). Guia Prático para Reduzir a Practical Guide to Reduce Pretrial Detention. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
• Comissão Interamericana para o Controlo do Consumo de Drogas (2015). Relatório técnico de alternativas ao encarceramento para crimes relacionados com drogas. Washington, D.C.: Comissão InterAmericana para o Controlo do Consumo de Drogas.
• Council of Europe (1999). Recommendation R (99)22 Concerning Prison Overcrowding and Prison Population Inflation . Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 
• Council of Europe (2017). Recommendation CM/Rec (2017) 3 on the European Rules on community sanctions and measures . Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
• Crawford, Adam and Newburn, Tim (2003). Youth Offending and Restorative Justice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.
• Croall, Hazel, Mooney, Gerry and Munro, Mary (2012). Criminal Justice in Scotland. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.
• Cullen, Francis, Jonson, Cheryl and Nagin, Daniel (2011). Prisons do not reduce recidivism: The high cost of ignoring science. The Prison Journal, vol. 91, No. 3, 48-65.
• Cullen, Francis and Gendreau, Paul (2001). From Nothing Works to What Works: Changing Professional Ideology in the 21st Century. The Prison Journal, vol. 81, No. 3, 313-38.
• Cunneen, Chris (2011). Postcolonial Perspectives for Criminology. In M. Bosworth and C. Hoyle, eds. What is Criminology? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Cunneen, Chris and Tauri, Juan (2018). Indigenous Criminology. In A. Brisman, E. Carrabine and N. South, eds. The Routledge Companion to Criminological Theory and Concepts. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Dejusticia, " Transitional Justice, Restorative Justice and Reconciliation: Some Insights from the Colombian Cas e" . 1 June 2005. 
• De Vos, Helene, Gilbert, Elli and Aertsen, Ivo (2014). Reducing prison population: Overview of the legal and policy framework on alternatives to imprisonment at the European level. KU Leuven: Leuven Institute of Criminology.
• Dignan, James (2005). Understanding Victims and Restorative Justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
• Duff, Peter (1993). The Prosecutor Fine and Social Control. British Journal of Criminology, vol. 33, No. 4, 481-503.
• Dünkel, Frieder, Thiele, Christoph and Trieg, Judith (2017). " You'll never stand alone": Electronic Monitoring in Germany. European Journal of Probation, vol. 9, No. 1, 28-45.  
• Dünkel, Frieder, Grzywa-Holten, Joanna and Horsfield, Philip (2015). Restorative Justice and Mediation in Penal Matters: A stock-taking of legal issues, implementation strategies and outcomes in 36 European countries. Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg.
• Edgar, Kimmett and Newell, Tim (2006). Restorative Justice in Prisons: A Guide to Making it Happen. Winchester: Waterside Press.
• Garland, David (1990). Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 
• Gottheil, Dianne (1979). Pretrial Diversion: A Response to the Critics. Crime and Delinquency, vol. 25, No. 1, 65-75.
• Graebsch, Christine and Burkhardt, Sven-U (2014). Ambulant Sanctions as an Alternative to Imprisonment in the European Union? Bulgaria: Center for the Study of Democracy.
• Hudson, Barbara (2003). Understanding Justice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
• Hughes, Patricia, and Mossman, Mary Jane (2002). Re-thinking access to criminal justice in Canada: A critical review of needs and responses. Windsor Review of Legal and Social Issues, vol. 13, 1-131.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2017a). Measures to Reduce Pretrial Detention . Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2017b). Practical Guide to Reduce Pretrial Detention.  Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
• Inter‐American Drug Abuse Control Commission (2015). Technical report on alternatives to incarceration for drug‐related offenses . Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission.
• International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) (2015). Statement of the INCB President: 9 December 2015.
• Johnston, Gerry (2014). Restorative Justice in Prisons: Methods, Approaches and Effectiveness . European Committee on Crime Problems. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
• Martinson, Robert (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. The Public Interest, vol. 35, 22-54.
• Mauer, Marc (2017). Incarceration Rates in an International Perspective . Oxford: Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Criminology.
• McGuire, James (1995). What Works? Reducing Reoffending - Guidelines from research and practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• McGuire, James (2013). 'What Works' to Reduce Re‐offending: 18 Years on. In L. A. Craig, L. Dixon, T. A. Gannon, eds. What Works in Offender Rehabilitation: An Evidence‐Based Approach to Assessment and Treatment. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• McNeill, Fergus (2013). Community Sanctions and European Penology . In T. Daems, D. van Zyl Smit and S. Snacken, eds. European Penology. London: Hart Publishing.
• McNeill, Fergus (2018a). Pervasive Punishment: Making Sense of Mass Supervision. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
• McNeill, Fergus (2018b). Mass supervision, misrecognition and the 'Malopticon'. Punishment and Society. First Published 29 January 2018.
• McNeill, Fergus and Whyte, Bill (2007) Reducing Reoffending: Social Work and Community Justice in Scotland. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing .
• McNeill, Fergus and Beyens, Kristel (2016). Offender Supervision in Europe . Glasgow and Brussels: COST Action.
• McNeill, Fergus, Raynor, Peter and Trotter, Chris (2010) . Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing .
• Morgenstern, Christine and Larrauri, Elena (2013). European Norms, Policy and Practice. In F. McNeill and K. Beyens, eds. Offender Supervision in Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Murkin, George (2014). Drug decriminalisation in Portugal: Setting the record straight . Transform: London.
• O'Hear, Michael (2017). The Failed Promise of Sentencing Reform. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
• Padfield, Nicola (2005). Back door sentencing: Is recall to prison a penal process?. Cambridge Law Journal, vol. 64, No. 2, 276-279.
• Penal Reform International (2018). Global Prison Trends 2018 . London: Penal Reform International.
• Pitts, James M.A., Griffin III, O. Hayden and Johnson, W. Wesley (2014). Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a perpetual problem. Contemporary Justice Review, vol. 17, No. 1, 124-139.
• Pratt, John (2007). Penal Populism . Abingdon: Taylor and Francis.
• Prison Reform Trust (2018). Broken Trust: The rising number of women recalled to prison. London: Prison Reform Trust.
• Roberts, Julian, Stalans, Loretta, Indermauer, David and Hough, Mike (2003). Penal populism and public opinion: Lessons from five countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Roodman, David (2017). The Impacts of Incarceration on Crime . USA: Open Philanthropy Project.
• Shackleton, Robert (1972). The greatest happiness of the greatest number: The history of Bentham's phrase. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, vol. 90, 1461-1482.
• Smart Asset. " The Economics of the American Prison System". 21 May 2018.
• Stefani, Giorgia, Kronberga, Ilona, Sile, Sanita, Bisi, Roberta, Sette, Raffaella, Gregori, Emilio, Distaso, Marta, and Freeman, Ruth (2014). Reducing Prison Population: Advanced Tools of Justice in Europe. Rimini, Italy: Comunita Papa Giovanni XXII.
• The Guardian (2018). " Decline in community sentencing blamed on probation privatisation", 28 December 2018.
• The Guardian (2018). " Queensland moves to decriminalise abortion within months", 16 July 2018.
• The Independent (2017). " Decriminalising sex work is the only way to protect women - and New Zealand has proved that it works", 29 May 2017.
• The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice (2012). Reducing Reoffending: Review of Selected Countries. Glasgow: The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice.
• Tonry, Michael (2017). Community Punishments in a Rational Society. In E. Luna, ed. Reforming Criminal Justice - Punishment, Incarceration, and Release. Minnesota: Academy for Justice.
• United Nations (2016). Outcome Document of the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem: Our Joint Commitment to Effectively Addressing the World Drug Problem. 30 ^th Special Session, General Assembly, 19-21 April 2016.
• United Nations (1990). United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules) , GA Resolution 45/110 . New York: UN (Regras Mínimas das Nações Unidas para a Elaboração de Medidas Não Privativas de Liberdade (Regras de Tóquio)). 
• United Nations (1991). United Nations Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness (Princípios para a Proteção de Pessoas com Doença Mental e para o Melhoramento dos Cuidados de Saúde), A/RES/46/119 . New York: UN.
• United Nations (1993 ). Commentary on the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-Custodial Measures (Comentário sobre as Regras Mínimas das Nações Unidas para Medidas Privativas da liberdade). New York: United Nations.
• UNICEF (2004). Justice for Children: Detention as a Last Resort. Innovative Initiatives in the East Asia and Pacific Region (Justiça para Crianças: Detenção como última opção. Iniciativas Inovadoras na Ásia Oriental e Região do Pacífico). UNICEF.
• UNODCCP (1999). Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the use and application of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2006a). Compendium of United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Compêndio dos Princípios e Normas das Nações Unidas para a Prevenção do Crime e Justiça Criminal). New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2006b). Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes (Manual de Programas de Justiça Restaurativa). Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2006c). Custodial and Non-Custodial Measures: Alternatives to Incarceration . New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2007). Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment (Manual de Justiça para Vítimas: Relativo ao Uso e aplicação da Declaração dos Princípios Básicos de Justiça para Vítimas de Crime e Abuso de Poder). New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2008). Drug Dependence Treatment: Interventions for drug users in prison, Good practice documents (Tratamento de Dependência de Drogas: Intervenções para toxicodependentes na prisão, Documentos de boas práticas). New York: United Nations.  
• United Nations Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (2011). Report on the visit of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment to Benin (Relatório sobre a visita do Subcomité de Prevenção da Tortura e Outros Tratamentos ou Penas Cruéis, Desumanos ou Degradantes ao Benim). New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2013a). Handbook on Strategies to Reduce Overcrowding in Prison (Manual de estratégias para reduzir a sobrelotação na prisão). New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2013b). A Second Chance: A Report on Alternatives to Imprisonment and the Social Reintegration of Offenders in Kenya (Segunda oportunidade: Um relatório sobre as alternativas à prisão e reintegração social de ofensores no Quénia). Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2014). Handbook on Women and Imprisonment (Manual sobre as Mulheres e a Prisão). New York: UN.
• UNODC (2017). A summary of comments received on the use and application of the Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters (Resumo dos comentários recebidos sobre a utilização e aplicação dos Princípios Básicos sobre a Utilização de Programas de Justiça Restaurativa em Matéria Penal). Vienna: United Nations.
• UNODC and the World Health Organization (2018). Treatment and Care for People with Drug Use Disorders in Contact with the Criminal Justice System (Tratamento e Cuidado para Pessoas com Problemas com o Uso de Drogas em Contacto com o Sistema de Justiça Criminal). Vienna: UNODC and WHO.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (2018). Report on the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health (Relatório do Relator Especial sobre o direito de usufruir as melhores condições possíveis de saúde física e mental). New York: UN.
• Van Zyl Smit, Dirk and Appleton, Catherine (2019). Life Imprisonment: A Global Human Rights Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Vera Institute of Justice (2013). Sentencing and Prison Practices in Germany and the Netherlands: Implications for the United States . New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice.
• Villa-Vicencio, Charles (2000). Restorative Justice: Dealing with the Past Differently. In C. Villa-Vicencio and V. Wilhelm, eds. Looking Back, Reaching Forward: Reflections on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd.
• Von Hirsch, Andrew, Bottoms, Anthony, Burney, Elizabeth and Wikstrom, P-O (1999). Criminal Deterrence and Sentence Severity. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• Wade, Marianne, Aebi, Marcelo, Aubusson de Cavarlay, Bruno, Balcells, Marc, Gilliéron, Gwladys, Hakeri, Hakan Killias, Martin, Lewis, Christopher, Roth, Erika, Smit, Paul, Sobota, Piotr, Turkovic, Ksenija and Zila, Josef (2008). When the Line is Crossed… Paths to Control and Sanction Behaviour Necessitating a State Reaction. European Journal of Criminal Policy Research, vol. 14, 101-122.
• Walmsley, Roy (2017a). World Pre-trial/Remand Imprisonment List . London: ICPR, World Prison Brief.
• Walmsley, Roy (2017b). World Female Imprisonment List, fourth edition . London: ICPR, World Prison Brief.
• Walmsley, Roy (2018). World Prison Population List, twelfth edition . London: ICPR, World Prison Brief. 
• World Health Organization (2012). Prevention and Treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: Recommendations for a public health approach . Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
• Zedner, Lucia (2004). Criminal Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
• Zehr, Howard (1990). Changing lenses: A new focus for crime and justice. Scottsdale, PA: Herald Press.
• Zimring, Frank, Hawkins, Gordon and Kamin, Sam (2001). Punishment and democracy: Three strikes and you're out in California. New York: Oxford University Press.

Referências Bibliográficas em Língua Portuguesa

A partir de Fontes Abertas

• Barros, M., Machado, M., Guaranha, O., Passos, J. M. (2019). Penas Alternativas para Pequenos Traficantes: os argumentos do TJSP na Engrenagem do Encarceramento. Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas, 9 (3), pp. 605-629.
• Dias, F. (1983). Os novos rumos da política criminal e o direito penal português do futuro, Separata da Revista da Ordem dos Advogados, 1, 1983, pp. 5-40.
• Dias, L. N. (2007). As drogas em Portugal, O Fenómenos e os Factos Jurídicos – Políticos de 1970 a 2004. Coimbra: Pé de Página.
• Giacomolli, N. J. (2013). Prisão, liberdade e as cautelares alternativas ao cárcerce. Monografias Jurídicas. São Paulo: Marcial Pons.
• Júdice, J. M. (2004). Prisão Preventiva: um cancro que envergonha, Revista da Ordem dos Advogados, 64 (1-2), pp. 41-46.
• Leite, A. L. (2011) Execução da Pena Privativa de Liberdade e Ressocialização em Portugal: Linhas de um Esboço. Revista de Criminologia e Ciências Penitenciárias, 1(1),pp. 1-34.
• Silva, S. O. (2004). A liberdade condicional no direito português: breves notas, Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade do Porto, 1, pp. 347-401.
• Vieira, V. (2018). Um Olhar sobre a suspensão da execução da Pena de Prisão (entre o regime geral e as especialidades do RGIT. In Coleção Estudos (pp. 11- 153), Instituto do Conhecimento AB (8). Coimbra: Almedina. 

Outras referências

• Antunes, M., J. (2017). Penas e Medidas de Segurança. Coimbra: Coimbra Editora.
• Dias, J., F., (2009). Direito penal português. As consequências jurídicas do crime (2.ª Reimp.). Coimbra: Coimbra Editora.
• Caiado, N. (2017). A vigilância eletrónica. Lisboa: Labirinto de Letras.
• Carreto J. (2019). A suspensão Parcial da Pena de Prisão e a Reparação do Dano. Coimbra: Almedina.
• Campos, T.B. (2010). Das penas privativas de liberdade às penas alternativas. Coimbra: Almedina.
• Cunha, M., C. (1995). Constituição e Crime: uma perspetiva da criminalização e da descriminalização. Porto: Universidade Católica Portuguesa.
• Garcia da Fonseca, A., (2012). O monitoramento eletrónico e a sua utilização como um meio minimizador da dessocialização decorrente da prisão. Porto Alegre: Editoria Nuria Fabris.
• Leite, A. L., (2009). A suspensão da execução da pena privativa de liberdade sob pretexto da Revisão de 2007 do Código Penal. In M. C. Andrade, M. J. Antunes, S. A. Sousa (org.), Estudos em Homenagem ao Prof. Doutor Jorge de Figueiredo Dias, Volume 2 (pp. 583-629). Coimbra: Coimbra Editora.

Seguinte: Exercícios

Regressar ao início