• E4J University Module Series: Counter-Terrorism

• Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques and Intelligence Gathering

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • International legal framework
  • Regional and national approaches
  • Key contemporary issues
  • Special investigation techniques
  • Surveillance and interception of communications
  • Privacy and intelligence gathering in situations of armed conflict
  • Accountability and oversight of intelligence gathering methods

• Exercises and case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• References

 

Published in July 2018.

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 

Books

• Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise (2005). Customary international humanitarian law . International Committee of the Red Cross, Cambridge University Press.

 

Cases

• Court of Justice of the European Union
• • Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v. Ireland , Joined Cases C-293/12 and C-594/12, Judgment of 8 April 2014.
  • Maximillian Schrems v. Data Protection Commissioner , Case C-362/14, Judgment of 6 October 2015.
• European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
• • Klass and others v. Germany (Application No. 5029/71), Chamber judgment of 6 September 1978.
  • Weber and Saravia v. Germany (Application no. 54934/00), Decision of 29 June 2006.
  • Liberty and others v. The United Kingdom (Application No. 58243/00), Chamber judgment of 1 July 2008.
  • Uzun v. Germany (Merits) (Application No. 35623/05), Chamber Judgment of 2 September 2010.
  • Roman Zakharov v. Russia (Application No. 47143/06) , Grand Chamber judgment of 4 December 2015.
  • Szabó and Vissy v. Hungary (Application No. 37138/14) , Chamber judgment of 12 January 2016.
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)
• • Escher et al. v. Brazil , Judgment of 6 July 2009, IACtHR, Series C No. 199.
• International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
• • Prosecutor v . Dusko Tadić, Decision on Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, Judgment of 2 October 1995, International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, IT-94-1.
• Supreme Court of India
• • State (N.C.T. of Delhi) v. Navjot Sandhu @ Afsan Guru , Case No. 373-375, Judgment of 4 August 2005
• United States Court of Appeals for the District of Colombia
• • United States v. Maynard , Case No. 615 F.3d 544, Judgment of 6 August 2010.
• United States Supreme Court
• • United States v. Jones , Judgment of 23 January 2012, vol. 132, p. 945.

 

Conventions

• European Convention on Human Rights . Adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953.
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , New York, 16 December 1966, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171 and vol. 1057, p. 407.
• Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) . Treaty Series, vol. 1125, no. 17512, 8 June 1977.
• Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) . Treaty Series, vol. 1125, no. 17513, 8 June 1977.
• American Convention on Human Rights . Adopted 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978.
• African Charter on Human and People's Rights . Adopted 1 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986.
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Rome, 17 July 1998, Treaty Series, vol. 2868, p. 195.
• United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime . New York, 15 November 2000, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, p. 209.
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . 1 July 2002.
• United Nations Convention against Corruption . New York, 31 October 2003, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, p. 41.

 

Journal / online articles

• (2015). " Afghanistan: living beneath the drones." Al Jazeera, 23 July.
• Pettit, Harry (2017). " Facial recognition software can now identify people even if their face is covered in a breakthrough that will help quickly unmask criminals." Daily Mail, 7 September.
• Mallonee, Laura (2017). " Can you spot the suspicious behaviour in these photos?" Wired, 3 October.
• Taylor, Harriet (2016). " Most young terrorist recruitment is linked to social media, said D.O.J. official." CNBC, 5 October.
• Ruvic, Dado (2017). " Most unwilling to give up privacy to thwart attacks new poll finds". Newsweek, 4 April.
• Bustard, J. (2015). " The Impact of EU Privacy Legislation on Biometric Systems Deployment: Protecting citizens but constraining applications". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 12 August.
• Lyon, David (2016). "'Liquid' surveillance, digital citizenship and new ways of living online". Council of Europe Videos, 21 June.
• Conley, Chris (2014). " Metadata: piecing together a privacy solution: A report by the ACLU of California ". ACLU of Northern California, February.
• Altshuler, Yaniv, Nadav Aharony, Michael Fire, Yuval Elovici, and Alex Pentland (2012).  " Incremental learning with accuracy prediction of social and individual properties from mobile-phone data". IEEXplore: Digital Library.
• Badshah, Nadeem (2018). " Facebook to contact 87 million users affected by data breach." The Guardian, 8 April. 
• Coughlin, Tom (2017). " Artificial intelligence in digital storage." Forbes, 29 May.
• Lapowsky, Issie (2017). " Banks deploy AI to cut off terrorists' funding." Wired, 7 September.
• De Busser, Els (2014). " Open Source Data and Criminal Investigations: Anything You Publish Can and Will be Used Against You." Groningen Journal of International Law. 
• Segal, Aaron, Ford, Bryan and Feigenbaum, Joan (2014). " Catching Bandits and Only Bandits: Privacy-Preserving Intersection Warrants for Lawful Surveillance." 45h USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet, San Diego, CA, August 18.
• Popp, Robert and Poindexter,John (2006). " Countering Terrorism through Information and Privacy Protection Technologies." IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 4(6).
• Hayden, Michael V. (2016). " To keep America safe, embrace drone warfare." New York Times Opinion, 19 February.
• Clark, Kate (2011). " Targeted killings and two worlds in Afghanistan: inside the Takhar attack." The South Asia Channel, 11 May.
• Ward, Olivia (2013). " Earthlings, there is no place to hide - drone strikes blur the laws of war." The Star, 3 February
• Rawnsley, Adam and Noah Shahtman (2011). " Crazy military tracking tech, from super scents to quantum dots." Wired, 18 May.
• Salama, Vivian (2014). " Death from above: how American drone strikes are devastating Yemen." Rolling Stone, 14 April.

 

Reports, declarations and strategies

• (2018). European General Data Protection Regulation .
• ACommHPR (2015). Principles and guidelines on human and peoples' rights while countering terrorism in Africa . 7 May.
• Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers (2005). Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on "Special investigation techniques" in relation to serious crimes including acts of terrorism . 20 April. Rec(2005)10.
• Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly (2015). Report of the Rapporteur Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights Pieter Omtzigt, Mass Surveillance . 21 April. Doc. 13748.
• Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights (2015). Mass Surveillance: Report .
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACommHR)
• • (2009). Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression . 30 December.
  • (2013). Freedom of Expression and the Internet . Washington, D.C., General Secretariat Organization of American States, 31 December.
• International Commission of Jurists (2009). Assessing Damage, Urging Action: Report of the Eminent Jurists Panel on Terrorism, Counter-terrorism and Human Rights . Geneva: ICJ.
• Organization of American States (2013). Joint Statement of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Protection and Promotion of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression and the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression of the the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights:  Joint declaration on surveillance programs and their impact on freedom of expression . 21 June.
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (2011). Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet . 1 June. 

 

UN material

• United Nations Security Council Resolution 1617 (2005).
• United Nations, General Assembly
• • (2000). Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime on the work of its first to eleventh sessions . 3 November. A/55/383.
  • (2014(a). The right to privacy in the digital age . 21 January. A/RES/68/167.
  • (2014(b)). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson . 23 September. A/69/397.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council
• • (2009). Report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Martin Scheinin . 28 December. A/HRC/13/37.
  • (2013). Report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, Frank La Rue . 17 April. A/HRC/23/40.
  • (2014). The right to privacy in the digital age: Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 30 June. A/HRC/27/37.
  • (2017(a)). Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 20 June. A/HRC/35/L.2.
  • (2017(b)). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 21 February. A/HRC/34/61.
• United Nations, Human Rights Committee
• • (1988(a)). General Comment No. 16: Article 17 (Right to Privacy) The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour and Reputation . 8 April. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.1.
  • (1988(b)). General Comment No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement) . 2 November. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9.
  • (1994). Toonen v. Australia, Communication No. 488/1992. 31 March. CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992.
  • (2004). General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Legal Obligations Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant . 26 May. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13.
  • (2014). Concluding Observations of the fourth periodic report of the United States of America . 23 April. CCPR/C/USA/CO/4.
• United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2017). Letter of the Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy Joseph Cannataci to Japan . 18 May. OL JPN 3/2017.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
• • (2009). Current practices in electronic surveillance in the investigation of serious and organized crime . New York: United Nations.
  • (2014). Counter-Terrorism Legal Training Curriculum Module 4: Human Rights and Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism . New York: United Nations.
  • (2017). Kenya: Human Rights and Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism . New York: United Nations.

 

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