• E4J University Module Series: Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants

• Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • Basic terms: gender and gender stereotypes
  • International legal frameworks and definitions
  • Global overview on TIP and SOM
  • Gender and migration
  • Key debates in the scholarship on TIP and SOM
  • Gender and TIP and SOM offenders
  • Responses to TIP and SOM: Is gender taken into consideration?

• Exercises

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Other resources

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

 

Published in May 2019 

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Advanced reading

 

The following readings are recommended for students interested in exploring the topics of this Module in more detail, and for lecturers teaching the Module:

• Achilli, Luigi (2018). The "Good" Smuggler: The Ethics and Morals of Human Smuggling among Syrians.  The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 676, No. 1, pp. 77-96.
• Agustin, L. (2005). Migrants in the mistress's house: Other voices in the 'Trafficking Debate. Social Politics, vol.12, No. 1, pp. 96-117.
• Anderson, B. (2007). A very private business: Exploring the demand for migrant domestic workers. European Journal of Women's Studies 14(3): 247-264.
• Alvarez-Velasco, Soledad and Martha Ruiz (2016). Beyond common-sense notions of human smuggling in the Americas. OpenDemocracy Blog Beyond Trafficking and Slavery, 4 April 2016.
• Andrijasevic, Rutvica and Mai, Nicola (2016). Editorial: Trafficking (in) representations: Understanding the recurring appeal of victimhood and slavery in neoliberal times. Anti-Trafficking Review, vol. 7, pp. 1-10.
• Andrijasevic, Rutvica (2010). Migration, agency and citizenship in sex trafficking, migration, minorities and citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Andrijasevic, Rutvica (2007). Beautiful dead bodies: gender, migration and representation in anti-trafficking campaigns. Feminist Review, vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 24-44.
• Anti-Slavery International (2009). Begging for Change: Research findings and recommendations on forced child begging in Albania/Greece, India and Senegal.
• Askola, Heli (2007). Violence against Women, Trafficking, and Migration in the European Union.  European Law Journal, vol. 13, No.2, pp. 204-17.
• Baird, Theodore, and Ilse van Liempt (2016). Scrutinising the double disadvantage: knowledge production in the messy field of migrant smuggling.  Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 400-417.
• Brennan, Denise and Sine Plambech (2018). Editorial: Moving forward - Life after trafficking. Anti-Trafficking Review, issue 10, pp. 1-12.
• Chew, Dolores (2006). Gender, Migration and Trafficking-An Introduction. Labour, Capital and Society, vol. 39, No.2, pp. 1-18.
• Cox, R. (2006). The Servant Problem: Paid Domestic Work in a Global Economy. London: I.B. Tauris.
• Dottridge, Mike (2007). Collateral damage: The impact of anti-trafficking measures on human rights around the world. Bangkok: Global Alliance against Trafficking in Women.
• Engle-Merry, Sally (2016). The seductions of quantification. Measuring human rights, gender violence, and sex trafficking. Chicago Series in Law and Society. Chicago, USA: The University of Chicago Press.
• Europol (2016). Migrant smuggling in the EU . Europol, European Migrant Smuggling Centre (EMSC).
• Garofalo, Giulia and Sabrina Marchetti (2017). Domestic workers speak: a global landscape of voices for labour rights and social recognition. OpenDemocracy Blog Beyond Trafficking and Slavery, 16 June 2017.
• GAATW (2010). Beyond borders: Exploring the links between trafficking and gender . GAATW Working Papers Series 2010. Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW).
• Gozdziak, E., M. (2008). On challenges, dilemmas, and opportunities in studying trafficked children. Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 81, No. 4: pp. 903-924.
• Hebert, Laura (2016). Always victimizers, never victims: Engaging men and boys in human trafficking scholarship. Journal of Human Trafficking, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 281-296.
• Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette (2011). Gender and migration scholarship: an overview from a 21st century perspective. Migraciones Internacionales, vol. 6, no. 1.
• Howard, N. (2016). Child Trafficking, Youth Labour Mobility and the Politics of Protection. Palgrave MacMillan.
• Howard, N. (2014). Teenage Labor Migration and Antitrafficking Policy in West Africa. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 653, No. 1, pp. 124-140.
• Huijsmans, Roy, and Simon Baker (2012). Child trafficking: "Worst form" of child labour, or worst approach to young migrants? Development & Change, vol. 43, pp. 919-46.
• Human Rights Watch (2017). " I Still See the Talibés Begging" Government Program to Protect Talibé Children in Senegal Falls Short. July 2017.
• Human Rights Watch (2014). Tobacco's Hidden Children: Hazardous Child Labor in US Tobacco Farming. May 2014.
• ITUC/Anti-Slavery/CCME (2011). Trafficking for labour exploitation - gender. International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), Anti-slavery, Churches' commission for migrants in Europe (CCME).
• ICMPD (2013). Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe. Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD).
• IOM (2016). Assessing the risks of migration along the Central and Eastern Mediterranean Routes; Iraq and Nigeria as case study countries. Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM).
• Kapur, Ratna (2002). The Tragedy of Victimization Rhetoric: Resurrecting the 'Native' Subject in 'International/Post-Colonial Feminist Legal Politics. Harvard Human Rights Journal, vol. 15 (Spring), pp. 1-37.
• Kienast, Julia, Marton Lakner, and Agathe Neulet (2014). The role of female offenders in sex trafficking organizations. The Regional Academy on the United Nations (RAUN).
• Kleemans, Edward R. (2011). Expanding the domain of human trafficking research: introduction to the special issue on human trafficking.  Trends in Organized Crime 14.2-3 (2011): 95-99.
• Kyunghee Kook. "I Want to Be Trafficked so I Can Migrate!": Cross-Border Movement of North Koreans into China through Brokerage and Smuggling Networks. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 676, No. 1, pp. 114-134.
• Laczko, F. (2007). Enhancing Data Collection and Research on Trafficking in Persons. In: Measuring human trafficking: Complexities and pitfalls (pp. 37-44). New York: Springer.
• Lammasniemi, Laura (2017). White slavery: the origins of the anti-trafficking movement. OpenDemocracy Blog Beyond Trafficking and Slavery. 16 November 2017.
• Lewis, Rachel A., & Naples, Nancy A. (2014). Introduction: Queer migration, asylum, and displacement.  Sexualities, 17(8), 911-918.
• Luibheid, Eithne (2008). Sexuality, migration, and the shifting lines between legal and illegal status. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 14(2-3): 289-315.
• Lutz, H. (2008). Migration and domestic work: A European perspective on a global theme. Ashgate.
• Marchetti, Sabrina (2018). Gender, migration and globalization: an overview of the debates. In: Handbook of migration and globalization. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• McAuliffe, M. and F. Laczko (2016). Migrant smuggling data and research: a global review of the emerging evidence base. IOM: Geneva.
• Okyere, Samuel (2012). Understanding child labour: The case of children working in artisanal gold mining at Kenyasi, Ghana. PhD diss., University of Nottingham, UK.
• Palumbo, Letizia and Alessandra Sciurba (2015). Vulnerability to Forced Labour and Trafficking: The case of Romanian women in the agricultural sector in Sicily,  Anti-Trafficking Review, issue 5, pp. 89-108.
• Plambech, Sine (2014). Between "Victims" and "Criminals": Rescue, deportation, and everyday violence among Nigerian migrants. Social Politics: International studies in gender, state and society, vol. 21, issue 3, pp. 382-402
• Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat (RMMS) (2017). Smuggled South. RMMS, Briefing Paper 3.
• Rousseau, David (2018). From Passive Victims to Partners in Their Own Reintegration: Civil society's role in empowering returned Thai fishermen. Special Issue - Life After Trafficking, Anti-Trafficking Review, No. 10.
• Russell, Brenda (ed) (2013). Perceptions of Female Offenders: How Stereotypes and Social Norms Affect Criminal Justice Responses. Springer.
• Sanchez, Gabriella (2016). Women's participation in the facilitation of human smuggling: The case of the US Southwest. Geopolitics, vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 387-406.
• Save the Children in Albania (2007). Children Speak Out: Trafficking, risk and resilience in South East Europe. Tirana.
• Scherrer, Amandine and Helmut Werner (2016). Trafficking in Human Beings from a Gender Perspective Directive 2011/36/EU. European Implementation Assessment. EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service (April 2016).
• Shen, Anqi (2016). Female perpetrators in internal child trafficking in China: An empirical study. Journal of Human Trafficking, vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 63-77.
• Shuman, Amy, and Carol Bohmer. Gender and cultural silences in the political asylum process.  Sexualities, vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 939-957.
• Siegel, Dinal and Sylvia de Blank (2010). Women who traffic women: the role of women in human trafficking networks - Dutch cases. Global Crime, vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 436-447.
• Surtees, Rebecca (2018). At Home: Family reintegration of trafficked Indonesian men. Anti-Trafficking Review, Special Issue - Life After Trafficking, no 10.
• Surtees, Rebecca (2008). Traffickers and trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe. The European Journal of Criminology, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 39-68.
• Surtees, Rebecca (2007). Listening to victims' experiences of identification, return and assistance in South-Eastern Europe International Centre. International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
• Tyldum, Guri, and Anette Brunovskis (2005). Describing the unobserved: Methodological challenges in empirical studies on human trafficking.  International Migration, vol. 43, No. 1‐2, pp. 17-34.
• Ullah, AKM Ahsan, and Mallik Akram Hossain (2011). Gendering cross-border networks in the Greater Mekong Subregion: drawing invisible routes to Thailand. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, vol. 4, No.2, pp. 273-289
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (2015).  Protecting Persons with Diverse Sexual Orientations and Gender Identities: A Global Report on UNHCR's Efforts to Protect Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Intersex Asylum-Seekers and Refugees.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2017). The Concept of "Financial or Other Material Benefit" in the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. Issue Paper.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2016). Multiple Systems Estimation for estimating the number of victims of human trafficking across the world. Research Brief.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2015). Migrant Smuggling in Asia Current Trends and Related Challenges. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2014). Handbook on effective prosecution responses to violence against women and girls. Criminal Justice Handbook Series. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2011). Smuggling of migrants: A Global review and annotated. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2008). Training Manual for Prosecutors on Confronting Human Trafficking. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2010). A short introduction to migrant smuggling. Issue paper. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2011). Smuggling of migrants by sea. Issue Paper. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2010). Basic training manual on investigating and prosecuting the smuggling of migrants. Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Portal on Sharing Electronic Resources and Laws on Crime ( SHERLOC).
• UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM (2017). Refugee and migrant children - Including unaccompanied and separated children - in the EU. Overview of trends in 2016.
• Yea, Sallie (2017). Editorial: The politics of evidence, data and research in anti-trafficking work. Anti-trafficking Review, Issue 8, pp. 1-13.
• Zhang, Sheldon X., Gabriella E. Sanchez, and Luigi Achilli. Crimes of solidarity in mobility: alternative views on migrant smuggling. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 676, No. 1, pp. 6-15.

 

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