• E4J University Module Series: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

• Module 4: Use of Force and Firearms

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • Topic 1.  The context for use of force by law enforcement officials
  • Topic 2.  The legal framework
  • Topic 3.  The general principles of use of force in law enforcement
  • Topic 4.  The use of firearms
  • Topic 5.  The use of "less-lethal" weapons
  • Topic 6.  The protection of especially vulnerable groups
  • Topic 7.  The use of force during assemblies
  • Summary
  • References

• Exercises

• Case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• Guidelines to develop a stand-alone course

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• First published in March 2019
  

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  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 

• Bayley, David H and Skolnick, Jerome H (1998). The New Blue Line: Police Innovation in Six American Cities. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Bittner, Egon (1980). The Functions of the Police in Modern Society. Cambridge, MA: Gunn & Hain.
• Casey-Maslen, Stuart (2017). Police Use of Force under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Cenzura, Ken and Federico, Michael (1998). Use of Force Committee, Final report. Toronto: Toronto Police.
• Council of Europe (2001). The European Code of Police Ethics. Strasbourg: CoE.
• European Commission on Human Rights (1997). M. D. v. Turkey. Brussels: EU.
• European Court of Human Rights (2017). Tagayeva and others v. Russia (No. 26562/07).
• European Court of Human Rights (2015). Bouyid v. Belgium (No. 23380/09).
• European Court of Human Rights (2013). Benzer v. Turkey (23502/06).
• European Court of Human Rights (2012). Austin and others v. United Kingdom (No. 39692/09).
• European Court of Human Rights (2011). Finogenov and others v. Russia (No. 18299/03).
• European Court of Human Rights (2005). Nachova v. Bulgaria (No. 43577/98).
• European Court of Human Rights (1995). McCann and others v. United Kingdom (No. 18984/91).
• Grabosky, Peter (1998). "Zero Tolerance Policing." Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice Vol. 102. Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Huggins, Martha Knisely (2010). Systemic Police Violence in Brazil. In J. B. Kuhns and J. Knutsson, eds. Police Use of Force: A Global Perspective. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.
• Human Rights Committee (2017). General comment No. 36 on article 6 of the ICCPR, on the right to life. CCPR/C/GC/36
• Human Rights Committee (2012). Florentina Olmedo v. Paraguay, Views. CCPR/C/104/D/1828/2008.
• Human Rights Council (2018). Resolution 38/11 on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of peaceful protests. A/HRC/38/L.16.
• Human Rights Council (2016). Resolution 31/37 on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of peaceful protests. A/HRC/31/L.21.
• Human Rights Council (2014). Resolution 25/38 on the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of peaceful protests. A/HRC/25/38.
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2015). Cruz Sánchez and others v. Peru.
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2012). Nadege Dorzema and others v. Dominican Republic.
• Newburn, Tim (2013). Criminology. New York: Routledge. 
• Reiner, Robert (2010). The Politics of the Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• United Nations (1976). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. GA Resolution 2200A (XXI). New York: UN.
• United Nations (1990). Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. GA/Res 45/166.
• United Nations (1979). Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials. GA/Res 34/169.
• United Nations (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . A/RES/61/106.
• UNHRC (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association , Maina Kiai. New York: UN.
• UNHRC (2016). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions on the Right to Life and the Use of Force by Private Security Providers in Law Enforcement Contexts . New York: UN.
• UNHRC (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Christof Heyns . New York: UN.
• UNHRC (2016). Joint Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association and the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions on the Proper Management of Assemblies . New York: UN.
• UNODC (2014). State Regulation Concerning Civilian Private Security Services and their Contribution to Crime Prevention and Community Safety . Vienna: United Nations.
• US Customs and Border Protection (2014). Use of Force Policy, Guidelines and Procedures Handbook. Washington D.C: Office of Training and Development.
• US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (2016). Armstrong v. Village of Pinehurst (Case No. 15-1191).
• US Department of Justice (2016). Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department. Washington D.C: US Department of Justice.
• Weber, Max (1918). Politik als Beruf. Munich: Gesammelte Politische Schriften, 396-450.

 

Next: Exercises

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