• E4J University Module Series: Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants

• Module 8: A Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

  • Trafficked persons as victims
  • Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
  • The broader international framework
  • State responsibility for trafficking in persons
  • Identification of victims
  • The principle of non-criminalization of victims

• Exercises

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Other resources

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

 

Published in May 2019 

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Identification of victims

 

Importance of early and accurate victim identification

As noted by the Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking, "A failure to identify a trafficked person correctly is likely to result in a further denial of that person's rights. States are therefore under an obligation to ensure that such identification can and does take place". The early and accurate identification of individuals as victims should be treated as a priority, to ensure that:

• They are removed from exploitation and placed in safe care, and receive protection, assistance and support;
• They are separated from suspected traffickers to avoid the risk of intimidation;
• Trafficking networks are identified and dismantled, and offenders arrested and prosecuted; and
• Trafficking patterns are monitored with a view to (1) developing effective targeted prevention programs and (2) developing effective counter-trafficking policies.

A human rights-based approach to victims of trafficking is important for identification. McAdam (2013, pp. 43-44) notes that such an approach, in the context of identification, requires border (and other) officials to have the capacity to ensure that the rights and dignity of migrants are respected. They should also be trained and equipped to make appropriate referrals where they believe a person is a victim.

When making an assessment as to whether an individual is a victim, all that is required is reasonable grounds, not absolute proof (see Module 6 for a list of indicators of trafficking). In some cases, it will be clear from the available information that a person is a victim. In others, the situation will be less certain. In these cases, the person should be given the benefit of the doubt until their status can be clarified by further inquiries. Similarly, if it is not clear whether an individual is a child (under 18), they should be treated as such until their correct age is established.

It is generally easier to revoke a person's victim status if and when more information comes to light than to attempt to give them victim status retrospectively at a later date. Victims who are not identified as such may face prosecution for offences committed during their exploitation, and those of them who are irregular migrants may face deportation to their home countries. Others may fall back under the control of traffickers or, for one reason or another, become inaccessible to those wishing to offer them assistance ( The Bali Process, 2015).

It should be noted that the majority of anti-trafficking work has focussed on the identification of victims who have already been, or are in the process of being, exploited. Identification of such victims is easier, but it is also important to identify persons who are vulnerable to exploitation and trafficking in persons. Emphasizing identification at earlier stages is important to prevention efforts (McAdam 2013, p. 48).

 

Distinguishing between victim identification and ability to prosecute

It is important to differentiate between the determination of whether a person is a victim of trafficking and an assessment as to whether a criminal case can be brought against their traffickers. Victims should be identified as such and offered protection, assistance and support, even if law enforcement officials decide that there is insufficient evidence to mount a successful prosecution or the trafficker cannot be identified or located. Some important arguments for making protection non-conditional on prosecution are discussed in Brunovskis and Skilbrei (2016).

 

Identification and respectful treatment aids prosecution of offenders

Securing successful prosecutions of traffickers relies heavily on the testimony of victims. Experience has repeatedly highlighted that the respectful and sensitive treatment of victims in a manner that recognizes their rights and assists in their recovery and reintegration into the community increases the likelihood of them cooperating with criminal justice authorities to prosecute offenders, as well as enhancing their potential effectiveness as witnesses in court. It has been observed that, where victim support is tied too closely to criminal justice responses to trafficking in persons, this can have a negative effect on the success and number of prosecutions. As Davy (2017, p. 129) notes, "trafficking victims' involvement in the criminal justice process may involve significant and ongoing risks to their personal safety, as well as their physical and emotional well-being, for little or even no benefit. Therefore, it is essential that victims are supported by strong, meaningful support programs".

 

Victims may be reluctant to identify themselves

As Elliott (2009, p. 732) observes, identification of victims of trafficking is commonly difficult. Victims often do not identify themselves, placing an onus on third parties to take active steps. Individuals may not identify themselves as victims for various reasons, including:

• Victims may not trust State authorities. In particular, they may have a history of poor experiences of law enforcement agencies in the past. Traffickers may have misled them about the consequences of talking to authorities.
• Victims may believe (sometimes correctly) that as victims, they will be housed in State shelters against their will for a lengthy period to ensure they are available to testify in criminal trials against traffickers.
• Victims are often intimidated by their traffickers, or are fearful or ashamed, and therefore unwilling to cooperate with authorities. In particular:
  • They may fear that the legal system cannot protect them and their families from retaliation by traffickers. This fear may be exacerbated if victims' families are located in other jurisdictions, and therefore beyond the protective reach of local police and thus vulnerable to reprisals from traffickers.
  • If victims are non-nationals, they may fear being deported to their home country. Traffickers often tell them that if they are discovered by authorities, they will be arrested, imprisoned or deported due to their immigration status or illegal activities committed during their exploitation. Even if a person is identified as a victim, they may have no option to remain in the country to which they have been trafficked and thus required to return home, often against their wishes.
  • Victims often fear that identification could result in shaming and stigmatization by their community and even social exclusion. In certain instances, they fear that upon admitting their exploitation, their community would conclude they failed to provide for their families, especially in cases of exploitation of victims migrating to find work ( The Bali Process 2015).
• Victims may be ignorant of their status, rights and entitlement to assistance and support and other benefits once they are formally identified as victims. They therefore see no advantage in being identified as such.
• Victims may develop a degree of dependency on their traffickers and, thus, not recognize or admit their status of victims. In some cases, victims may see traffickers as benefactors who helped them improve their situation. Some of them may even have familial ties with their traffickers, such as in the case of forced marriage of children, where offenders may include family members. In such situations, victims may be hesitant to come forward to authorities. The same can occur when victims become or are already involved in personal relationships with the traffickers without knowing that the relationship is itself a means of control and exploitation (The Bali Process 2015).

When designing and implementing identification programmes, all the above-mentioned challenges should be taken into account.

 

Reflection periods

Victims and suspected victims should be allowed a time of reflection (at least weeks and preferably months) to think about their ordeal, decide whether they are victims and make an informed decision as to whether they will cooperate with law enforcement agencies to prosecute their traffickers.

Suspected victims should be informed that this reflection period is available to them regardless of whether they agree to testify against their traffickers. Unfortunately, State authorities often fail to give individuals adequate information and sufficient time to think through the choices required of them.

Article 13 of the Council of Europe Convention provides "[e]ach Party shall provide in its internal law a recovery and reflection period of at least 30 days, when there are reasonable grounds to believe that the person concerned is a victim. Such a period shall be sufficient for the person concerned to recover and escape the influence of traffickers and/or to take an informed decision on cooperating with the competent authorities. During this period, it shall not be possible to enforce any expulsion order against him or her. This provision is without prejudice to the activities carried out by the competent authorities in all phases of the relevant national proceedings, and in particular when investigating and prosecuting the offences concerned. During this period, the Parties shall authorise the persons concerned to stay in their territory".

Article 6 of the Council of the European Union Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 requires Member States to grant a reflection period to victims to allow them to recover and escape the influence of traffickers so that they can make an informed decision about cooperating with authorities. Article 7 describes the support to be offered to victims during the reflection period, if provided for by national law, including:

• subsistence needs and access to emergency medical treatment;
• special needs, including psychological assistance;
• safety and protection;
• translation and interpreting services; and
• free legal aid.

Box 22

Box 23

 

Identification of other people in need of protection and assistance

In the process of identifying victims it is important to bear in mind that interviewees may include other categories of vulnerable people who are entitled to protection and assistance, including:

(a) Children: under the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), all children have rights by virtue of being children. A finding that a child is not a victim of trafficking must not result in authorities overlooking other rights to which they are entitled as children.

(b) Asylum seekers/Refugees: many migrants identified by authorities are fleeing oppression in their own countries and may be eligible for asylum.

(c) Victims of other crimes: it may be that an interviewee is not a victim of trafficking but is a victim of another crime.

 

Next: The principle of non-criminalization of victims

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