• E4J University Module Series: Counter-Terrorism

• Module 13: Non-Discrimination and Fundamental Freedoms

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • Principle of non-discrimination
  • Freedom of religion
  • Freedom of expression
  • Freedom of assembly
  • Freedom of association
  • Fundamental freedoms in situations of armed conflict

• Exercises and case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• References

 

Published in July 2018.

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 

Books / Book chapters

• Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Louise Doswald-Beck (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law. Volume I: Rules . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Moeckli, Daniel (2012). "Anti-Terrorism Laws, Terrorist Profiling, and the Right to Non-Discrimination." In Ana-María Salinas De Frias, Katja L.H. Samuel, and Nigel D. White eds. Counter-terrorism: International Law and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 23.

 

Cases

• African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACtHPR)
• • African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights v. Kenya (App. no. 006/2012), Judgement of 26 May 2017.
• European Commission on Human Rights (ECommHR)
• • Rassemblement Jurassien and Unité Jurassienne v. Switzerland (Application no. 8191/78), Judgement of 10 October 1979.
• European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
• • Knudsen v. Norway (Application no. 11045/84), Decision of 8 March 1985.
  • Lithgow and Others v. The United Kingdom (App No 9006/80; 9262/81; 9263/81; 9265/81; 9266/81; 9313/81; 9405/81), Judgement of 8 July 1986.
  • Fredin v. Sweden (No. 1) (App No 12033/86), Judgement of 18 February 1991.
  • United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey (Application No. 19392/92), Judgement of 30 January 1998.
  • Dahlab v. Switzerland (Application No. 42393/98), Decision on admissibility (15 February 2001).
  • Djavit AN v. Turkey (Application no. 20652/92), Judgement of 20 February 2003.
  • Leyla Sahin v. Turkey (Application No 44774/98), Judgement of 10 November 2005.
  • D.H. and others v. Czech Republic (App No 57325/00), Judgement of 7 February 2006.
  • Falakaog ̆ lu and Saygılı v. Turkey (Application no.  11461/03), Judgement of 19 December 2006.
  • Ivanova v. Bulgaria (Application no. 52435/99) , Judgement of 12 April 2007.
  • Leela Förderkreis E.V. and Others v. Germany (Application no. 58911/00), Judgement of 6 November 2008
  • Lautsi and Others v. Italy (Application no. 30814/06), Judgment of 18 March 2011.
  • Eweida and Others v. The United Kingdom (Applications nos. 48420/10, 59842/10, 51671/10 and 36516/10), Judgement of 15 January 2013.
  • Müdür Duman v. Turkey (Application number 15450/03), Judgement of 6 October 2015.
  • Döner and Others v. Turkey (Application no 29994/02), Judgement 7 March 2017.
  • Belcacemi and Oussar v. Belgium (Application no. 37798/13), Judgement of 11 July 2017.
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• • Olmedo Bustos et al. v. Chile  ("The Last Temptation of Christ" case), Judgement of 5 February 2001, Series C, no. 73.
  • Huilca‐Tecse v. Peru (Merits, Reparations and Costs), Judgement of 3 March 2005, Series C, No. 121.
  • Kawas‐Fernández v. Honduras (Merits, Reparations and Costs), Judgement of 3 April 2009, Series C, No. 196.
  • Escher et al. v. Brazil (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, and Costs), Judgement of 6 July 2009, Series C, No. 200.
  • Manuel Cepeda Vargas v. Colombia (Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and Costs), Judgement of 26 May 2010.
  • López Lone et al. v. Honduras ( Preliminary objections, merits, reparations and Costs), Judgement of 5 October 2015.

 

Conventions

• Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land . The Hague, 18 October 1907, Treaty Series 539.
• International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . New York, 16 December 1966, Treaty Series, vol. 993, p. 3.
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . New York, 16 December 1966, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171 and vol. 1057, p. 407.
• American Convention on Human Rights . San José, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969.
• Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) . Treaty Series, vol. 1125, no. 17512,8 June 1977.
• Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) . Treaty Series, vol. 1125, no. 17513, 8 June 1977.
• African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights . Adopted 1 July 2003, entered into force 25 November 2005.
• Convention on the Rights of the Child . New York, 20 November 1989, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3.
• Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam . Adopted 5 August 1990.
• International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families . New York, 18 December 1990, Treaty Series, vol. 2220, p. 3.
• Arab Charter on Human Rights . Adopted 22 May 2004, entered into force 15 March 2008.
• International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings . New York, 15 December 1997, Treaty Series, vol. 2149, p. 256.
• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism . New York, 9 December 1999, Treaty Series, vol. 2178, p. 197.
• Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . New York, 13 December 2006, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, p. 3.
• ASEAN Charter . Adopted 20 November 2007.
• Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation . 10 September 2010.
• ASEAN Human Rights Declaration . Adopted 18 November 2012.
• The Geneva Conventions . Treaty Series, vol. 75, p. 31, p. 85, p. 135 and p. 287, 12 August 1949.
• European Convention on Human Rights . Adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953.
• International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination . New York, 7 March 1966, Treaty Series, vol. 660, p. 195.
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women . New York, 18 December 1979, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13.

 

Journal / online articles

• Neo, Jaclyn L. (2017). " Realizing the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion: The Limited Normative Force of the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration." Human Rights Law Review, vol. 17, issue 4, pp. 729-751.

 

Reports, guidelines and manuals

• African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
• • (2002). Resolution on the Adoption of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa. Banjul, The Gambia. 7-23 October .
  • (2014). Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Study Group on Freedom of Association .
  • (2015). Principles and Guidelines on Human and Peoples' Rights while Countering Terrorism in Africa .
• Amnesty International
• • (2016). " Upturned Lives. The disproportionate impact of France's state of emergency." Index: EUR 21/3364/2016.
  • (2018). Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Human Rights - Turkey . London: Amnesty International.
• Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers (2007). Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on protecting freedom of expression and information in times of crisis . 26 September.
• European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) (2014). Joint Guidelines on Freedom of Association . Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 101 ^st Plenary Session (Venice, 12-13 December 2014). Study no. 706/2012, OSCE/ODIHR Legis-Nr: GDL-FOASS/263/2014.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR)
• • (2007). Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2007 . 29 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.130 Doc. 22, rev. 1.
  • (2009). Annual Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression . 30 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II Doc. 51.
  • (2010). Submission note of the Case to the Court and Report on the Merits of Case 12.661 Nestor Jose and Luis Uzcategui et al., October 22.
  • (2011).  Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in the Americas . 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 66.
• Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission (2006). Terrorism, Counter-terrorism and Human Rights: the experience of emergency powers in Northern Ireland, Submission by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission to the International Commission of Jurists Eminent Jurists Panel. Belfast.
• Organization of American States (2017). Draft Resolution on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. 14 June. OEA/Ser.P. AG/doc.5580/17.
• Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
• • (2007). Countering Terrorism, Protecting Human Rights: A Manual . Warsaw.
  • Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) (2010). Guidelines on Freedom of peaceful assembly, 2 ^nd ed. Warsaw: ODIHR.
• United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Representative on Freedom of the Media, the Organization of American States (OAS) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information. " Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Countering Violent Extremism".

 

United Nations materials

• United Nations, General Assembly
• • (1948). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [Part A of General Assembly resolution 217 (III). International Bill of Human Rights] 217 A (III). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 10 December. A/RES/3/217 A.
  • (1981). Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief of 1981 . 25 November. A/RES/36/55.
  • (1993). Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna (25 June 1993) . 12 July. A/CONF.157/23.
  • (1994). M.A.B., W.A.T. and J.-A.Y.T. v. Canada , Communication no. 570/1993. 25 April. CCPR/C/50/D/570/1993.
  • (2002). "C. Statement on Racial Discrimination and Measures to Combat Terrorism." Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination . 11 January. A/57/18.
  • (2006). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 16 August. A/61/267.
  • (2007). Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled "Human Rights Council": Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 29 January. A/HRC/4/26.
  • (2014). A world against violence and violent extremism . 20 February. A/RES/68/127.
  • (2015). Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism, Report of the Secretary-General . 24 December. A/70/674
  • (2017(a)). Promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace . 20 January. A/RES/71/249.
  • (2017(b)). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association . 14 July. A/72/135.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council
• • (2008). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Ambeyi Ligabo . 28 February. A/HRC/7/14.
  • (2011). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions . 23 May. A/HRC/17/28.
  • (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association . 24 April. A/HRC/23/39.
  • (2014). Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association . 14 April. A/HRC/26/29.
  • (2015). Human rights and preventing and countering violent extremism . 12 October. A/HRC/RES/30/15.
  • (2016). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 29 April. A/HRC/30/15.
  • (2017). Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion and belief . 17 January. A/HRC/34/50.
• United Nations, Human Rights Committee
• • (1989). Singh Bhinder v Canada . 9 November. CCPR/C/37/D/208/1986.
  • (2000). Ross v. Canada, Communication No. 736/97. 18 October. CCPR/C/70/D/736/1997.
  • (2001). Report of the Human Rights Committee . Para. 13, A/56/40 (Vol. I).
  • (2003). Althammer v Austria . 22 September. CCPR/C/78/D/998/2001.
  • (2004). Raihon Hudoyberganova v. Uzbekistan , Communication No. 931/2000. 5 November. CCPR/C/82/D/931/2000.
  • (2005). Concluding observations: Syrian Arab Republic . 9 August. CCPR/CO/84/SYR.
  • (2011) . General comment No. 34: Article 19: Freedom of opinion and expression . 12 September. CCPR/C/GC/34.
• United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Committee (1993). General Comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience or Religion) . 30 July. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4.
• United Nations Security Council
• • Resolution 1373 (2001).
  • Resolution 2170 (2014).
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
• • (2014). Counter-Terrorism Legal Training Curriculum Module 4: Human Rights and Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism . New York: United Nations.
  • (2017). Kenya: Human Rights and Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism . New York: United Nations.

 

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