• E4J University Module Series: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

• Module 10: Violence against Women and Girls

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

  • Key terms
  • Topic 1 - Ending violence against women
  • Topic 2 - Human rights approaches to violence against women
  • Topic 3 - Who has rights in this situation? Prosecuting domestic violence and sexual violence - a human rights approach
  • Topic 4 - What about the men? Transforming stereotypes and acting in solidarity to end discrimination and violence for everyone
  • Topic 5 - Local, regional and global solutions to violence against women and girls
  • Summary
  • References

• Exercises

• Case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• Guidelines to develop a stand-alone course

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• First published in July 2019; revised in December 2020
  

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This module is a resource for lecturers

References

• African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2011). Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights and Interights v Egypt, Application 334/06. Addis Ababa: African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights.
• Amnesty International (2017). Amnesty reveals alarming impact of online abuse against women. London: Amnesty International.
• Amnesty International (2016). Amnesty International publishes policy and research on protection of sex workers' rights. London: Amnesty International.
• Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, UN General Assembly 1995
• CEDAW Committee (1992). General Recommendation No. 19 on Violence Against Women. CEDAW/C/GC/19.
• CEDAW Committee (1991). General recommendation No. 21 on Equality in marriage and family relations. Contained in A/49/38.
• CEDAW Committee (2017). General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. CEDAW/C/GC/35.
• CEDAW Committee (2005). A.T. v Hungary. Communication No. 2/2003.
• CEDAW Committee (2014). Gonzales Carreno v Spain. Communication No. 47/2012.
• CEDAW Committee (2007). Yildirim v Austria. Communication No. 6/2005.
• CEDAW Committee (2017). General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. CEDAW/C/GC/35.
• CEDAW Committee and Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014). Joint General Comment. No. 31, CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18.
• Commission on the Status of Women (2013). Elimination and Prevention of All Forms of Violence Against Women and Girls . New York: United Nations.
• Copelon, Rhonda (2012). End Torture, End Domestic Violence. Online: On the Issues Magazine.
• Council of Europe (2011). Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention). Istanbul: CoE.
• Council of Europe (2011). General Leaflet about the Istanbul Convention. Istanbul: CoE.
• European Court of Human Rights (1997). Aydin v Turkey (No. 23178/94).
• European Court of Human Rights (2009). Opuz v Turkey (No. 33401/02).
• European Court of Human Rights (1995). SW v UK (No. 20166/92).
• Fergus, Lara (2013). What causes violence against women? Ending violence against women requires change at all levels of the socio-political system. Fokusvinner: Norway.
• Fitz-Gibbon, Kate, and Walklate, Sandra (2018). Gender Crime and Criminal Justice. London: Routledge
• Freedland, Jonathan (2018). Kavanaugh has revealed the insidious force in global politics: toxic masculinity. London: The Guardian.
• Girls Not Brides (2016). Sonita: the Afghan teen rapping to end child marriage. London: Girls not Brides.
• Higgins, Charlott (2018). The age of patriarchy: how an unfashionable idea became a rallying cry for feminism today: A term that was derided and abandoned a decade ago has come roaring back to life. London: The Guardian.
• Hollaback (2019). Campaigning on harassment of women and girls in the street .
• International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (2019). Resources.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2001). Maria da Penha Maia Fernandes v Brazil.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2011). Jessica Lenahan (Gonzales) and others v United States of America.
• International Criminal Court (2000). Elements of Crimes. The Hague: ICC.
• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (1998). Prosecutor v Jean Paul Akayesu
• International Men's Day website.
• Just Detention International Website.
• Martin, Luke (2016). How many time have you heard 'But what about the men…?' . London: ICCHange.
• Mayeza, Emmanuell and Deevia Bhana (2017). "Addressing gender violence among children in the early years of schooling: insights from teachers in South African primary school." International Studies in Sociology of Education vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 408-425.
• Mott, Helen (2016). Are universities preventing violence against women? . Online: Open Democracy.
• Mukwege Foundation Website.
• Neenan, Joanne (2018). Closing the protection gap for children born of war, addressing stigmatisation and the intergenerational impact of sexual violence in conflict' . London: LSE.
• Organization of American States (1995). Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women "Convention Of Belem Do Para". Costa Rica: OAS.
• Organisation of African Unity (2003). Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (known as the Maputo Protocol). Nairobi: OAU.
• Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Fact sheet on child, early and forced marriage. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
• Plan International UK (2018). Street harassment: Every day, girls across the UK are being harassed in public places. We need you to stand with them and say it's not ok . London: Plan International.
• Reiss, Fraidy (2017). Why can 12 year olds still get married in the United States? Washington: Washington Post.
• Schulhofer, Stephen (1998). Unwanted Sex: the culture of intimidation and the failure of law. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
• Smart, Carol (2002). Feminism and the Power of Law. Routledge: London.
• United Nations (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (GA Resolution 34/180). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1984). Convention against Torture and Other, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Cruel (GA Resolution 39/46). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (A/RES/40/34). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1993). Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women , GA Resolution 48/104. New York: UN.
• United Nations General Assembly (2011). Updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (GA resolution 65/228). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations General Assembly (2013). Taking action against gender-related killing of women and girls (GA resolution 68/191). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations General Assembly (2015). Taking action against gender-related killing of women and girls (GA resolution 70/176). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Committee (HR Committee) (1989). General Comment No. 18. Non-discrimination. Geneva: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Committee (HR Committee) (2000). General Comment No. 28. The Equality of Rights Between Men and Women (Article 3). (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10) Geneva: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (2008). Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. (A/HRC/7/3) New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (2009). Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, on the political economy of violence against women. (A/HRC/11/6) New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (2010). Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, on reparation. (A/HRC/14/22) New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (2014). Preventing and eliminating child, early and forced marriage. (A/HRC/26/22). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) (2018). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences on online violence against women and girls from a human rights perspective. (A/HRC/38/47) New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2018). Global Study on Homicide . Vienna: UNODC.
• United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) (2016). Factsheet on comprehensive sexuality education. New York: UNFPA.
• UN Women (2014). The Change-makers: a young activist's toolkit for ending violence against women and girls. Bangkok: UN Women Asia Pacific.
• UN Women (2016). The economic costs of violence against women . 21 September 2016. New York: UN Women.
• UN Women (2017). Facts and figures: ending violence against women . New York: UN Women.
• White, Lara (2018). "Young men should be furious" - inside the world's largest gathering of men's rights activists. Online: Open Democracy.
• Women's Aid (n.d.). Challenging the myths. London: Women's Aid.
• Women's Aid (n.d.). Change that lasts . London: Women's Aid.
• World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and UN Women (2014). Voices against Violence Leaders Handbook. New York: UN Women.
• World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and South African Medical Research Council (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence . New York: WHO.

Next: Exercises

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