• E4J University Module Series: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

• Module 8: Restorative Justice

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

  • Topic 1.  Concept, values and origin of restorative justice
  • Topic 2.  Overview of restorative justice processes
  • Topic 3.  How cost effective is restorative justice?
  • Topic 4.  Issues in implementing restorative justice
  • Summary
  • References

• Exercises

• Case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• Guidelines to develop a stand-alone course

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• First published in April 2019
  

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  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 

Materials with this icon can be found in the E4J Library of Resources.

 

Publications

• Aboriginal Corrections Unit (1997). The Four Circles of Hollow Water . Ottawa: Solicitor General Canada.
• Ame, Robert K. and Seidu M. Alidu (2010). " Truth and reconciliation commissions, restorative justice, peacemaking criminology, and development." Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society vol. 23, No. 2, 253-268.
• Chan, Wing-Cheong (2013). " Family Conferencing for Juvenile Offenders: A Singaporean Case Study in Restorative Justice." Asian Journal of Criminology vol. 8, No. 2.
• Dünkel, Frieder, Grzywa-Holten, Joanna, and Philip Horsfield (2016). Restorative Justice and Mediation in Penal Matters - A stock-taking of legal issues, implementation strategies and outcomes in 36 European countries . Mönchengladbach: Forum Verlag Godesberg.
• Aertsen, Ivo, Arsovska, Jana, Rohne, Holger-C, Valiñas, Marta, and Kris Vanspauwen (2012). Restoring Justice after Large-scale Violent Conflicts. Kosovo, DR Congo and the Israeli-Palestinian case . Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 
• Angel, Caroline M, Sherman, Lawrence, Strang, Heather, and Barak Ariel (2014). " Short-Term Effects of Restorative Justice Conferences on Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms among Robbery and Burglary Victims: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Experimental Criminology, vol. 10, No. 3, 291-307.
• Bals, Nadine (2010). Der Täter-Opfer-Ausgleich bei häuslicher Gewalt. Vermittlung und Wiedergutmachung auf dem Prüfstand. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
• Blagg, Harry (1997). " A Just Measure of Shame? Aboriginal Youth and Conferencing in Australia." British Journal of Criminology, vol. 37, No. 4, 481-506.
• Bolívar, Daniella, Aertsen, Ivo, and Ine Vanfraechem (2015). Victims and Restorative Justice: An Empirical Study of Needs, Experience and Position of the Victim within Restorative Justice Practices. Country Reports . Leuven: European Forum for Restorative Justice.
• Braithwaite, John and Rashed, Tamim, (2014). " Restorative justice lessons from Libya." Restorative Justice: An International Journal, February 2014, Special Report, 1-8.
• Centre for Justice and Reconciliation (no date). Sycamore Tree Project.®
• Chartrand Larry and Kantase Horn (2016). A Report on the Relationship between Restorative Justice and Indigenous Traditions in Canada . Ottawa: Justice Canada.
• Christie, Nils (1977). " Conflicts as Property." British Journal of Criminology, vol. 17, No. 1, 1-15.
• Crocker, Diane (2015). " Implementing and Evaluating Restorative Justice Projects in Prison." Criminal Justice Review, vol. 26, No. 1, 45-64.
• Cunneen, Chris (1997). Community Conferencing and the Fiction of Indigenous Control. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, vol. 30, No. 3, 292-311.
• Cunneen, Chris and Rob White (2006). " Australia: Control, Containment or Empowerment?" In: J. Muncie and B. Goldson, eds. Comparative Youth Justice: Critical debates. London: SAGE.
• Cunneen, Chris (2011). " Restorative Justice and the Politics of Decolonization." In: Elmar G.M. Weitekamp and Hans-Jürgen Kerner, eds. Restorative Justice: Theoretical foundations. London: Routledge, 32-49.
• Daly, Kathleen (2011). Conventional and Innovative Justice Responses to Sexual Violence . ACSSA Issues, No. 12.
• Daly, Kathleen and Julie Stubbs (2006). " Feminist engagement with restorative justice." Theoretical Criminology, vol. 10, No. 1, 1362-4806.
• Daicoff, Susan Swaim (2015). " Families in Circle Process: Restorative Justice in Family Law." Family Court Review, vol. 53, No. 3, 427-438.
• Dekker, Sidney and Hugh Breakey (2016). " 'Just Culture:' Improving safety by achieving substantive, procedural and restorative justice." Safety Science, vol. 85, 187-193.
• Doak, Jonathan and David O'Mahony (2018). "Evaluating the success of restorative justice conferencing." In: T. Gavrielides, eds. Routledge International Handbook of Restorative Justice v. New York: Routledge, 211-223.
• Drost, Lisanne, Haller, Birgitt, Hofinger, Veronika, van der Kooij, Tinka, Lünnemann, Katinka and Annemieke Wolthuis (2015). Restorative Justice in Cases of Domestic Violence. Best practice examples between mutual understanding and awareness of specific protection needs . Netherlands: Verwey-Jonker Institute.
• Dzur, Albert (2017). " Conversations on restorative justice: A talk with Ali Gohar." Restorative Justice: An International Journal, vol. 5, No. 2, 319-333.
• Erez, Edna (1994). " Victim Participation in Sentencing: And the Debate Goes On…" International Review of Victimology. vol. 3. Issue 1-2, 17-32.
• Feasey, Simon and Patrick Williams (2009). An evaluation of the Sycamore Tree programme: based on an analysis of Crime Pics II data . Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University. 
• Gade, Christian B.N. (2013). " Restorative Justice and the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process." South African Journal of Philosophy vol. 32, No. 1, 10-35.
• Groh, Arlene (2003). A Healing Approach to Elder Abuse and Mistreatment: The Restorative Justice Approaches to Elder Abuse Project . Kitchener: Community Care Access Centre of Waterloo Region.
• Haller, Birgitt and Veronika Hofinger (2015). Country Report Austria. In: K. Lünnemann and A. Wolthuis, eds. Restorative Justice in Cases of Domestic Violence: Best practice examples between increasing mutual understanding and awareness of specific protection needs. Austria: Institute of Conflict Research (IKF) & Institute for the Sociology of Law and Criminology (IRKS).
• Hansen, Toran and Mark Umbreit (2018). Four decades of victim-offender mediation research and practice: The evidence. Conflict Resolution Quarterly.
• Hofinger, Veronika and Alexander Neumann (2008). Legalbiografien von NEUSTART Klienten. Legalbewährung nach Außergerichtlichem Tatausgleich, Gemeinnütziger Leistung und Bewährungshilfe . Wien: Institut für Rechts- und Kriminalsoziologie.  
• Hopkins, Belinda (2004). Just Schools - A Whole School Approach to Restorative Justice . London: J. Kingsley Publishers.
• House of Commons Justice Committee (2016 ). Restorative Justice: Fourth Report of Session 2016-17 HC164. London: House of Commons.
• Jülich, Shirley and Fiona Landon (2013). Achieving Outcomes for Participants of Project Restore's Restorative Processes: The Perspectives of Participants . Auckland: Project Restore.
• Karp, David and Megan Schachter (2018). "Restorative justice in universities. Case studies of what works with restorative responses to student misconduct." In: T. Gavrielides, eds. Routledge International Handbook of Restorative Justice. New York: Routledge, 247-263.
• Kilekamajenga, Ntemi N (2018). Learning from contemporary examples in Africa: referral mechanisms for restorative justice in Tanzania. South Africa Crime Quarterly. No, 63, 17-26.
• Kingi, Venezia, Paulin, Judy and Laurie Porima (2008). Review of the Delivery of Restorative Justice in Family Violence Cases by Providers funded by the Ministry of Justice. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington.
• Laxminarayan, Malini (2014). Accessibility and Initiation of Restorative Justice . Leuven: European Forum for Restorative Justice.
• Liebmann, Marian and Lindy Wootton (2010). Restorative Justice and domestic violence/abuse . HMP Cardiff.
• Llewellyn, Jennifer J (2012). " Integrating Peace, Justice and Development in a Relational Approach to Peacebuilding." Ethics and Social Welfare, vol. 6, No. 3, 290-302.
• Lünnemann, Katinka and Annemieke Wolthuis (2015). Restorative Justice in Cases of Domestic Violence: Best practice examples between increasing mutual understanding and awareness of specific protection needs. Austria: Institute of Conflict Research (IKF) & Institute for the Sociology of Law and Criminology (IRKS).
• Marshall, Christopher D (2012). Compassionate Justice. An Interdisciplinary Dialogue with Two Gospel Parables on Law, Crime, and Restorative Justice . Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books.
• Mercer, Vince, Madsen, Karin Sten, Keenan, Marie and Estelle Zinsstag (2015). Doing restorative justice in cases of sexual violence: A practice guide . Leuven: Institute of Criminology.
• Ministry of Justice (2013). Restorative Justice Standards for Sexual Offending Cases . Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (2016a). Reoffending Analysis for Restorative Justice Cases 2008-2013: Summary Results . Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (2016b). Restorative Justice Victim Satisfaction Survey: Research Report . Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (2017). Restorative Justice Best Practice Framework . Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice.
• Ministry of Justice (2018). Restorative Justice Practice Standards for Family Violence Cases . Wellington, New Zealand: Ministry of Justice.
• Ngoc Binh, Vu (2013). "The State of Juvenile Justice in Vietnam." A Measure of Last Resort? The Current Status of Juvenile Justice in ASEAN Member States . Ed. Raoul Wallenberg Institute. Sweden. p. 181-207.
• Pali, Brunilda (2017). " 'Cultural' Problematisations in the Restorative Justice Discourse." In: I. Aertsen and B. Pali, eds. Critical Restorative Justice. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 175-192.
• Pali, Brunilda and Christa Pelikan (2010). Building Social Support for Restorative Justice: Media, Civil Society and Citizens . Leuven: European Forum for Restorative Justice.
• Park, Augustine (2010). " Community-based restorative transitional justice in Sierra Leone.", Contemporary Justice Review, vol. 13, No. 1, 95 - 119
• Pelikan, Christa (2000). Victim-offender mediation in domestic violence cases - a research report . Vienna: United Nations Crime Congress.
• Pelikan, Christa (2010). " On the Efficacy of Victim-Offender-Mediation in Cases of Partnership Violence, or: Men Don't Get Better, But Women Get Stronger: Is it Still True?" Outcomes of an Empirical Study. European Journal on Crime Policy and Research, vol. 16, 49-67.
• Phochanthilath, Champathong (2013). "The State of Juvenile Justice in Laos." A Measure of Last Resort? The Current Status of Juvenile Justice in ASEAN Member States . Ed. Raoul Wallenberg Institute. Sweden. p. 68-74.
• Pranis, Kay (2005). The Little Book of Circle Processes: A New/Old Approach to Peacemaking. Intercourse: Good Books.
• Raoul Wallenberg Institute (2013). "Summary of Findings." A Measure of Last Resort? The Current Status of Juvenile Justice in ASEAN Member States . Ed. Raoul Wallenberg Institute. Sweden. p. 9-11.
• Restorative Justice Council (2014). Restorative justice and policing . UK: Restorative Justice Council.
• Roberts, Julian V. and Edna Erez (2004). " Communication in Sentencing: Exploring the Expressive Function of Victim Impact Statements." International Review of Victimology vol. 10, No. 3, 223-244.
• Robins, Simon (2009). " Restorative Approaches to criminal justice in Africa. Institute for Security Studies." The theory and practice of criminal justice in Africa. African Human Security Initiative Monograph 161.
• Roujanavong, Wanchai (2005). Restorative justice: Family and community group conferencing (FCGC) in Thailand. Plenary Speech. 7th International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices.
• Sellman, Edward, Cremin, Hilary and Gillean McCluskey (2013). Restorative Approaches to Conflict in Schools. London and New York: Routledge.
• Shapland, Joanna, Atkinson, Anne, Atkinson, Helen, Chapman, Becca, Dignan, James, Howes, Marie, Johnstone, Jennifer, Robinson, Gwen and Angela Sorsby (2007). Restorative Justice: the views of victims and offenders. The third report from the evaluation of three schemes . London: Ministry of Justice.
• Shapland, Joanna, Atkinson, Anne, Atkinson, Helen, Dignan, James, Edwards, Lucy, Hibbert, Jeremy, Howes, Marie, Johnstone, Jennifer, Robinson, Gwen and Angela Sorsby (2008). Does restorative justice affect reconviction? The fourth report from the evaluation of three schemes . London: Ministry of Justice.
• Shapland, Joanna, Robinson, Gwen and Sorsby, Angela (2011). Restorative Justice in Practice - Evaluating what works for victims and offenders. Abingdon Oxon: Routledge.
• Sherman, Larry and Heather Strang (2007). Restorative Justice: The Evidence. London: The Smith Institute.
• Sherman, Larry, Strang, Heather, Barnes, Geoffrey, Woods, Daniel, Bennett, Sarah, Inkpen, Nova, Newbury-Birch, Dorothy, Rossner, Meredith, Angel, Caroline and Malcolm Mearns (2015). " Twelve Experiments in Restorative Justice: The Jerry Lee Program of Randomized Trials of Restorative Justice Conferences." Journal of Experimental Criminology, vol. 11, No. 4, 501-540.
• Stark, Aiden (2016). " Environmental restorative justice." Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal, vol. 16, No. 3, 435-462.
• Strang, Heather and John Braithwaite (2002). Restorative Justice and Family Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Strang, Heather, Sherman, Lawrence, Mayo-Wilson, Evan, Woods, Daniel and Barak Ariel (2013). Restorative Justice Conferencing (RJC) Using Face-to-Face Meetings of Offenders and Victims: Effects on Offender Recidivism and Victim Satisfaction. A Systematic Review . Oslo: Campbell Systematic Reviews, 12.
• Ptacek, James (2010). Restorative Justice and violence against women . New York: Oxford University Press.
• Sullivan, Dennis and Larry Taft (2006). Handbook of Restorative Justice . Milton Park: Routledge.
• Thorsborne, Margaret and David Vinegrad (2008). Restorative Practice in Schools: Rethinking Behaviour Management. Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia: Inyahead Press.
• Valiñas, Marta and Kris Vanspauwen (2009). " Truth-seeking after violent conflict: experiences from South Africa and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Contemporary Justice Review, vol. 12, No. 3, 269-287.
• Van Ness, Daniel (2007). Prisons and restorative justice. In: G. Johnstone and D. Van Ness, eds. Handbook of Restorative Justice. Cullompton, Portland: Willan.
• Wolthuis, Annemieke and Katinka Lünnemann (2016). Restorative Justice and Domestic Violence : A Guide for practitioners. Utrecht: Verwey-Jonker Institute.
• Wood, Martin, Lepanjuuri, Katriina, Paskell, Caroline, Thompson, Jane, Adams, Lorna, Coburn, Sarah (2015). Victim and Witness Satisfaction Survey . London: Crown Prosecution Service (CPS).
• Wood, William R (2015). " Why Restorative Justice Will Not Reduce Incarceration." The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 55, No. 5, 883-900.
• Zehr, Howard (1990). Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottdale: Herald Press.
• Zehr, Howard, Stutzman Amstutz, Lorraine, MacRae, Allan and Kay Pranis (2015). The Big Book of Restorative Justice. New York: Good Books.  
• Zinsstag, Estelle, Teunkens, Marlies and Brunilda Pali (2011). Conferencing: A Way Forward for Restorative Justice in Europe . Leuven: European Forum for Restorative Justice .
  

 

International instruments adopted by the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union

• Council of Europe (1999). Recommendation No. R (99)19 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning mediation in penal matters . Strasbourg: CoE.
• Council of Europe (2003). Recommendation No. R (2003) 20 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning new ways of dealing with juvenile delinquency and the role of juvenile justice . Strasbourg: CoE.
• Council of Europe (2006). Recommendation No. R (2006) 2 of the Committee of Ministers to member states concerning the European Prison Rules . Strasbourg: CoE.
• Council of Europe (2008). Recommendation No. R (2008) 11 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on European Rules for Juvenile Offenders Subject to Sanctions or Measures . Strasbourg: CoE.
• Council of Europe (2010). Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on child-friendly justice . Strasbourg: CoE.
• Council of Europe (2011). Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention). Istanbul: CoE.  
• Council of Europe (2018). Recommendation CM/Rec (2018) 8 of the Committee of Ministers to member States concerning restorative justice in criminal matters . Strasbourg: CoE. 
• Council of the European Union (2001). Council Framework Decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings 2001/220/JHA . Brussels: EU.
• European Union (2012). Directive 2012/29/EU on the Rights, Support and Protection of Victims of Crime . Brussels: EU.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1989) Resolution 1989/57 Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (2002). Resolution 2002/12 Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters.
• UNODC (2006). Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes . Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2014). Strengthening Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Responses to Violence against Women . Vienna: UNODC.  
• United Nations (2015). Doha Declaration on Integrating Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice into the Wider United Nations Agenda to Address Social and Economic Challenges and to Promote the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, and Public Participation (GA resolution 70/174).
• UNODC, UN Women, UNDP and OHCHR (2018). A Practitioner's Toolkit on Women's Access to Justice Programming . New York, Vienna and Geneva: UNODC, UN Women, UNDP and OHCHR.
• CEDAW Committee (2015). General recommendation No. 33 on women's access to justice . CEDAW/C/GC/33.
• CEDAW Committee (2017). General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. CEDAW/C/GC/35.

 

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