• E4J University Module Series: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

• Module 11: Access to Justice for Victims

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

  • Topic 1: Understanding the concept of victims of crime and a short history of victimology
  • Topic 2: The impact of crime, including trauma
  • Topic 3: The rights of victims to an adequate response to their needs
  • Topic 4: Collecting victim data
  • Topic 5: Victims and their participation in the Criminal Justice Process
  • Topic 6: Victim services, institutional and non-governmental organization
  • Topic 7: A brief outlook on current developments regarding victims
  • Topic 8: Victims and international law, including international human rights law and international criminal law
  • Summary
  • References

• Exercises

• Case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• Guidelines to develop a stand-alone course

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• First published in July 2019
  

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  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Advanced reading

 

The following readings are recommended for students interested in exploring the topics of this Module in more detail, and for lecturers teaching the Module:

• Burgess, Ann Wolbert, Regehr, Cheryl, and Roberts, Albert R (2013). Victimology: Theories and Applications. Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett.
• United Nations (1945). Charter of the International Military Tribunal - Annex to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis . London: United Kingdom Government.
• Council of Europe (2014). Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, Treaty No. 210 . Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
• Daigle, Leah E (2012). Victimology: A Text/Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Books.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (2005). Guidelines on Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, Resolution 2005/20. New York: United Nations.
• Victims Support Section (2013). ECCC Reparations Programme 2013-2017 . Phnom Penh: Victims Support Section.
• European Commission (2013). DG Justice Guidance Document of December 2013 . Strasbourg: European Commission.
• Council of the European Union (2015). Council Decision 2015/1523 of 14 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and of Greece. Brussels: European Union.
• Council of the European Union (2015). Council Decision 2015/1601 of 22 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and of Greece. Brussels: European Union.
• Council of the European Union (2001). Council of Europe Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA, 15 March 2001 on standing of victims in criminal proceedings. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2005). Directive 2005/85/EC on minimum standards on procedures in member states for granting and withdrawing refugee status. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2013). Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2004). Directive 2004/81/EC on the residence permit issued to third-country nationals who are victims of trafficking in human beings or who have been the subject of an action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2011). Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2011). Directive 2011/93/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2011). Directive 2011/99/EU on the European protection order. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2012). Directive 2012/13/EU on the right to information in criminal proceedings. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2003). Directive 2003/9 /EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2012). Directive 2012/29/EU establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing council framework decision 2001/220/JHA. Brussels: European Union.
• European Union (2011). Proposal for a Directive 2011/0129 (COD) establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection victims of crime. Brussels: European Union.
• Worldwide Movement for Human Rights (2002). Victims in the Balance: Challenges Ahead for the ICTR. Rwanda: Worldwide Movement for Human Rights.
• REDRESS (2013). Access to Victims of Systemic Crimes in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities. Kololi, Gambia: Redress.
• Stover, Eric, Crittenden, Camille, Koenig, Alexa, Peskin, Victor and Gurd, Tracey (2010). The impact of the Rome Statute system on victims and affected communities. Kampala: Review Conference of the Rome Statute.
• The Human Rights Center (2015). The Victims' Court? A Study of 622 Victim Participants at the International Criminal Court . California: UC Berkeley School of Law.
• Trumbull IV, Charles P (2008). The victims of victim participation in international criminal proceedings. Michigan Journal of International Law, vol. 29, 778.
• United Nations (1949). Geneva Conventions
• United Nations (1992). The Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance(GA/RES/47/133). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (GA Resolution 34/180). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (2006). Convention on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, resolution GA/RES/61/177. New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1984). Convention against Torture and Other, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Cruel (GA Resolution 39/46). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1976). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , GA Resolution 2200A (XXI). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1965). Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination (GA/RES/2106(XX)A - B). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1990). The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (GA/RES/45/158). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (2008). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , A/RES/61/106. New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (A/RES/40/34). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (2005). Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (GA Resolution 60/147). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (2005). Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime, resolution 2005/20. New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Office on Drugs Control and Crime Prevention (2009). Intergovernmental Expert Group Meeting to review and update the Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice . Bangkok: UNODC.
• UNODCCP (1999). Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the use and application of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (1999). Guide for policy makers on the Implementation of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims and Abuse of Power . New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2010). Handbook on Effective Police Responses to Violence Against Women . New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2012). Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders. New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2013). Global Study on Homicide . Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2014). Strengthening Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Responses to Violence against Women . New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2017). Resource Book for Trainers on Effective Prosecution Responses to Violence against Women and Girls . New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2010). The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. New York: United Nations.
• UNODC (2015). International Classification of Crimes for Statistical Purposes. Geneva: UNODC.
• UNODC and Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings (2008). Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons. New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) (2000a). Regulation No. 2000/11 on the Organization of Courts in East Timor. East Timor: UNTAET.
• UNTAET (2000b). Regulation No. 2000/15 on the Establishment of Panels with Exclusive Jurisdiction over Serious Criminal Offences. East Timor: UNTAET.
• UNTAET (2000c). Regulation No. 2000/30 on Transitional Rules of Criminal Procedure. East Timor: UNTAET.

Regional laws and regulations

• Council of Europe (1983). European Convention on the Compensation of the Victims of Violent Crimes . Strasbourg: EU.
• European Union(2004). Council Directive 2004/80/EC Relating to Compensation of Crime Victims . Brussels: EU.
• Council of the European Union (2001). Council Framework Decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings 2001/220/JHA . Brussels: EU.
• European Union (2012). Directive 2012/29/EU on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. Brussels: EU.

International law

• International Criminal Court, Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, A/Conf. 183/9.
• International Criminal Court (2005). Rules of Procedure and Evidence . The Hague: International Criminal Court.
• United Nations (2005). Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (GA Resolution 60/147). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power (A/RES/40/34). New York: United Nations.
• United Nations (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights , GA Resolution 217 A. New York: United Nations.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (2002). Resolution 2002/12 on the Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters .

Open access articles of the different topics related to Justice for Victims

• Achilles, Mary, and Zehr, Howard (2001). Restorative justice for crime victims: the promise, the challenge . Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
• Averdijk, Margit (2010). Individuals' victimization patterns over time . Amsterdam: Haveka.
• Bandes, Susan (1996). Empathy, Narrative, and Victim Impact Statements. The University of Chicago Law Review, 63.
• Bandes, Susan (1999). When victims seek closure: Forgiveness, vengeance and the role of government . Fordham Urb. LJ, vol. 27, 1599.
• Clements, Carl B, Brannen, Dia N, Kirkley, Shalene M, Gordon, Trina M, and Church, Wesley T (2006). The measurement of concern about victims: Empathy, victim advocacy and the Victim Concern Scale (VCS), Legal and Criminological Psychology, vol. 11(2), 283-295.
• Elias, Robert (1983). The symbolic politics of victim compensation, Victimology, vol. 8, 213-224.
• Elias, Robert (1984). Alienating the Victim: Compensation and Victim Attitudes. Journal of Social Issues , vol. 40, 103 - 116.
• Farrell, Graham, Tseloni, Andromachi, Wiersema, Brian, and Pease, Ken (2001). Victim careers and 'career victims'? Toward a research agenda. In G. Farrell and K. Pease, eds. Repeat victimization. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 241-254.
• Fattah, Ezzat A (2000). Victimology: Past, Present and Future. Criminologie, vol. 33 (1), 17-46.
• Gavrielides, Theo (2015). The Victims' Directive and What Victims Want From Restorative Justice, Victims and Offenders, vol. 12, 1-220.
• Gavrielidesm, Theo (2015). Repositioning Restorative Justice in Europe. Victims and Offenders.
• Graham-Kevan, Nicola, Brooks, Matthew, Willan, V.J, Lowe, Michelle, Robinson, Phaedra, Khan, Roxanne, Bryce, Joanne (2015). Repeat Victimisation, Retraumatisation and Victim Vulnerability. The Open Criminology Journal, vol. 8(1), 36-48.
• Gray, Emily, Jackson, Jonathan, Farrall, Stephen (2011). Feelings and Functions in the Fear of Crime: Applying a New Approach to Victimisation Insecurity, The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 51(1), 75-94.
• Groenhuijsen, Marc (1999). Victim's rights in the criminal justice system: A call for more comprehensive implementation theory, Criminal Justice Press, 85-114.
• Holloway, Amy R (2012). V ictim Initiated Positive Disengagement: How Victims Can Flourish in the Aftermath of a Crime. University of Pennsylvania , 35.
• Hussain, Mohmmad Fazlul Bari (2016). An Appraisal of Victim Protection in Bengladesh, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum), vol. 61 (2), 183-205
• Jennings, Will, Gray, Emily, Hay, Colin, Farrall, Stephen (2015). Collating Longitudinal Data on Crime, Victimization and Social Attitudes in England and Wales: A New Resource for Exploring Long-term Trends in Crime, The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 55(5), 1005-1015.
• Kanwar, Vik (2001). Capital punishment as closure: The limits of a victim-centered jurisprudence. NYU Rev. L. and Soc. Change , vol. 27, 215.
• Kirchengast, Tyrone (2009). Criminal injuries compensation, victim assistance programs and restoration in Australian sentencing law. IJPS , vol. 5, 96.
• Kirchengast, Tyrone (2010). Recent Reforms to Victim Rights and the Emerging 'Normative Theory of the Criminal Trial. Criminal Law Quarterly, vol. 56(1), 82-115.
• Kirchengast, Tyrone (2011). The integration of victim lawyers into the adversarial criminal trial. Sydney: Institute of Criminology.
• Kirchengast, Tyrone (2016). Enforceable Rights for Victims of Crime in Adversarial Justice. Revista de Victimologia, vol. 3, 11-42.
• Kirchengast, Tyrone (2016). Victims' Rights and the Right to Review: A Corollary of the Victim's Pre-Trial Rights to Justice. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, vol. 5(4), 103.
• Leunissen, Joost M, Cremer, David D, Folmer, Christopher P. R, and Van Dijke, Marius (2013). The apology mismatch: Asymmetries between victim's need for apologies and perpetrator's willingness to apologize. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 49(3), 315-324.
• McEvoy, Kieran, McConnachie, Kirsten (2012). Victimology in transitional justice: Victimhood, innocence and hierarchy . European Journal of Criminology, vol. 9(5), 527 - 538.
• Miller, Ted, Cohen, Mark A, Wiersema, Brian (1996). Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look . Washington D.C.: US Department of Justice.
• Mulder, J.D.W.E. (2013). Compensation: The victim's perspective . Oisterwijk: Wolf Legal Publishers.
• Pemberton, Anthony and Reynaers, Sandra (2011). The controversial nature of victim participation: Therapeutic benefits in victim impact statements . Amsterdam: Tilburg University.
• Semb, Olof, Fransson, P, Henningsson, Mikael, and Sundbom, Elisabet (2011). Treatment Acceptability among Crime Victims. The Open Psychology Journal, vol. 4, 6-11.
• Testai, Patrizia (2008). Victim Protection Policy in Italy: Between "Emancipation" and "Redemption". St Antony's International Review, vol. 4(1), 37-57.
• Thoresen, Siri, Birkeland, Marianne, Wentzel-Larsen, Tore, Blix, Ines (2018). Loss of Trust May Never Heal. Institutional Trust in Disaster Victims in a Long-Term Perspective: Associations With Social Support and Mental Health. Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 9, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01204
• Tontodonato, Pamela, and Erez, Edna (1994). Crime, Punishment, and Victim Distress. International Review of Victimology, vol. 3(1-2), 33-55.
• Van Der Aa, Suzan (2014). Introduction to victimology and victims' rights . Bucharest: Superior Council of Magistracy of Romania.

 

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