Published in September 2019 

Regional Perspective: Eastern and Southern Africa - added in April 2020 

 

 
  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 
  • Bowman, Michael et al, Lyster's International Wildlife Law (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
  • Bowman, Michael, 'Conflict or Compatibility? The Trade, Conservation and Animal Welfare Dimensions of CITES' (1998) 1(1) Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 9
  • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1979)
  • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973)
  • CITES, 'CITES and IUCN bolster collaboration in tackling poaching and illegal wildlife trade' (press release, 28 August 2015)
  • CITES, 'Indian law enforcement operation seizes 16,000 tortoises and turtles and arrests 55 - gets recognized by CITES Secretary-General Certificate of Commendation' (press release, 30 November 2017)
  • CITES, 'CITES Task Force agrees on strategies to combat illegal trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles' (press release, 28 April 2017)
  • CMS & UNEP, 'Fact Sheet - Wildlife Crime' (undated)
  • East African Community. Protocol on Environment and Natural Resource Management. (2019). 
  • EIA, Vietnam in Violation: Action Required on Fake CITES Permits for Rosewood Trade (EIA, 2018)
  • Elliott, Lorraine, 'Cooperation on Transnational Environmental Crime: Institutional Complexity Matters' (2017) 26(2) Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 107
  • Gibson, Miah, 'The Universal Declaration of Animal Welfare' (2011) 16(2) Deakin Law Review 539
  • Global Animal Law Project, 'Draft Declaration on Animal Welfare at Universal Level' (2011)
  • Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime & WWF, Tightening the Net: Toward a Global Legal Framework on Transnational Organized Environmental Crime (Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, April 2015)
  • Harrop, Stuart, 'Wild Animal Welfare in International Law: The Present Position and the Scope for Development' (2013) 4(4) Global Policy 381
  • INTERPOL, Global Wildlife Enforcement. Strengthening Law Enforcement Cooperation Against Wildlife Crime (INTERPOL, 2018)
  • INTERPOL/UNEP, Strategic Report: Environment, Peace and Security, A Convergence of Threats (UNEP, 2016)
  • IUCN Red List, 'Background and History' (2019)
  • IUCN Red List, 'How the Red List is Used' (2019a)
  • IUCN Red List, ‘Lion’ (2016)
  • IUCN Red List, 'Red-Headed Vulture' (2017)
  • Ivory, Radha, 'Corruption Gone Wild: Transnational Criminal Law and the International Trade in Endangered Species' (2017) 111 AJIL Unbound 413
  • Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 'UK Wildlife Report: An Analysis of Trade in CITES Specimens 2012-16', JNCC Report No 626 (2019)
  • Lam, Joy T L et al, 'Comparing Interview and Trade Data in Assessing Changes in the Seahorse Hippocampus Spp. Trade Following CITES Listing' (2016) 50(1) Oryx 36
  • Luiselli, Luca et al, 'A Short Review of the International Trade of Wild Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles Across the World and Throughout Two Decades' (2016) 15(2) Chelonian Conservation and Biology 167
  • Lusaka Agreement on Co-operative Enforcement Operations Directed at Illegal Trade in Wild Fauna and Flora, Lusaka, 8 September 1994, UNTS 1950, arts 35 (Entered into force 10 December 1996, in accordance with article 13(1)).
  • Lusaka Agreement Task Force. About Us: lusaka Agreement. (2019)
  • Lyall, Sarah, 'Rhino Horns Put Europe's Museums on Thieves' Must-Visit List', The New York Times (online) (26 August 2011)
  • Mace et al, 'Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species' (2008) 22(6) Conservation Biology 1424
  • Nellemann, Christian et al (eds), The Environment Crime Crisis: Threats to Sustainable Development from Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources (UNEP, 2014)
  • Nuwer, Rachel, 'The vast majority of animals in the wildlife trade are not protected', National Geographic (online) 14 December 2018
  • Revised African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, March 07, 2017
  • Sand, Peter H, 'Enforcing CITES: The Rise and Fall of Trade Sanctions' (2013) 22(3) Reciel 251
  • Sand, Peter H, 'Whither CITES? The Evolution of a Treaty Regime in the Borderland of Trade and Environment' (1997) 1 European Journal of International Law 29
  • Scanlon, John, 'Wildlife Trafficking and How Museums Can Help' (2018) 61(1) Curator: The Museum Journal 11
  • Sheikh, Pervaze A & M Lynne Corn, The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Research Report (United States Congressional Research Service, 2016)
  • Slobodan, Lydia, Addressing Transnational Wildlife Crime through a Protocol to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime: A Scoping Paper (IUCN Environmental Law Centre and WWF, 13 October 2014)
  • Southern African Development Community. Protocol on wildlife conservation and law enforcement. Southern African Development Community (1999)
  • Strydom, Hennie, 'Transnational Organised Crime and the Illegal Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora', in Pierre Hauck & Sven Peterke (eds), International Law and Transnational Organised Crime (2016) 270
  • Stewart, Gwyneth G, 'Enforcement problems in the endangered species convention: reservations regarding the reservation clauses' (1981) 14(3) Cornell International Law Journal 429
  • Swanson, Timothy, 'Why is there a biodiversity convention? The international interest in centralized development planning' (1999) 75(2) International Affairs 307
  • Sykes, Katie, 'The Appeal to Science and the Formation of Global Animal Law' (2016) 27(2) European Journal of International Law 497
  • Tomkins, Kevin, 'Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment' (2005) 16(3) Current Issues in Criminal Justice 295
  • UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage (1972)
  • United Nations, Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
  • United Nations, Convention against Corruption (2003)
  • United Nations, Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000)
  • UNEP, Environmental Rule of Law: First Global Report (United Nations, 2019)
  • UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 December 2013: Strengthening the United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme, in particular its technical cooperation capacity, UN Doc A/RES/68/193 (14 February 2014)
  • UN General Assembly, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 July 2015: Tackling illicit trafficking in wildlife, UN Doc A/RES/69/314 (19 August 2015)
  • UN General Assembly, Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Wildlife, UN Doc A/RES/69/314 (19 August 2015)
  • UN General Assembly, Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Wildlife, UN Doc A/RES/71/326 (28 September 2017)
  • UN General Assembly, Tackling Illicit Trafficking in Wildlife, UN Doc A/70/951 (16 June 2016)
  • UNODC, Guide on Drafting Legislation to Combat Wildlife Crime (United Nations, 2018)
  • UNODC, Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytical Toolkit (United Nations, 2012)
  • UNODC, World Wildlife Crime Report: Trafficking in Protected Species (United Nations, 2016)
  • van Dijk, Peter Paul, Non-Detriment Findings and Trade Management for Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles: A guide for CITES Scientific and Management Authorities (IUCN SSC's Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group, 2015)
  • Vié et al, The IUCN Red List: A Key Conservation Tool (IUCN, 2008)
  • Wandesford-Smith, Geoffrey, 'Looking for Law in All the Wrong Places? Dying Elephants, Evolving Treaties, and Empty Threats' (2016) 19(4) Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy 365
  • Wiersema, Annecoos, 'CITES and the Whole Chain Approach to Combating Illegal Wildlife Trade' (2017) 20(3-4) Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy 20
  • Wiersema, Annecoos, 'Incomplete Bans and Uncertain Markets in Wildlife Trade' (2016) 12 University of Pennsylvania Asian Law Review 65
  • WWF, Not for Sale: Halting the Illegal Trade of CITES Species from World Heritage Sites (WWF, 2017)
  • Wyatt, Tanya, Wildlife Trafficking: A Deconstruction of the Crime, the Victims and the Offenders (Palgrave, 2013)
 
Next:  Exercises
Back to top