• E4J University Module Series: Counter-Terrorism

• Module 14: Victims of Terrorism

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • Definition of 'victim'
  • Effects of terrorism: A trauma and victimological perspective
  • Access to Justice (victim's perspective)
  • Recognition of the victim within the judicial process
  • Legal framework
  • International and regional human rights instruments
  • International human rights law
  • Regional human rights instruments
  • Crime prevention and criminal justice mechanisms
  • International and regional instruments governing victims of terrorism
  • National approaches
  • Key challenges in securing reparation

• Exercises and case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• References

 

Published in July 2018.

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 

Books

• Agger, Inger (1992). The Blue Room: Trauma and Testimony among Refugee Women - A Psycho-Social Exploration. London: Zed Books.
• Alexander, Jeffrey (2012). Trauma: A Social Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Duffy, Helen (2009). The 'War on Terror' and the Framework of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Herman, Judith (1997). Trauma and Recovery: The aftermath of violence - from domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.
• Mettraux, Guénaël (2009). The Law of Command Responsibility. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Rauchfleisch, Udo (1996). Allgegenwart der Gewalt. Germany: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht.
• Van der Veer, Guus (1998). Counselling and Therapy with Refugees and Victims of Trauma: Psychological Problems of Victims of War, Torture and Repression, 2 ^nd ed. Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
• Wemmers, Jo-Anne M. (1996). Victims in the Criminal Justice System: A Study in to the Treatment of Victims and its Effects in their Attitudes and Behaviour . Amsterdam/New York: Kugler publications.

 

Book chapters

• Aroche, J., and M. J. Coello (2004). "Ethnocultural Considerations in Treatment of Refugees." In John P. Wilson, and Boris Drozdek, eds. Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees, War and Torture Victims. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
• Baker, Ron (1992). "Psychosocial Consequences for Tortured Refugees Seeking Asylum and Refugee Status in Europe" In Metin Basoglu, ed, Torture and its Consequences: Current Treatment Approaches, 1 ^st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 83-101.
• Bell, P. (2005). "Consequences of Rape for Women's Health and Well-being, Family and Society." In Marie Vlachova, and Lea Biason, eds. Women in an insecure world: Violence against women, facts, figures and analysis, Geneva: DCAF, pp. 115 - 121.
• Bottigliero, Ilaria (2012). "Realizing the Right to Redress for Victims of Terrorist Attacks." In Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice, Ana-María Salinas de Frías, Katja L. H. Samuel, and Nigel D. White, eds.New York: Oxford University Press. Ch. 33.
• De Jong, J. (2004). "Public Mental Health and Culture: Disasters as a Challenge to Western Mental Health Care Models, the Self, and PTSD." In John P. Wilson and Boris Drozdek, eds. Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees, War and Torture Victims, New York, Brunner-Routledge, pp. 159 - 178.
• Donat-Cattin, David (1999). "Article 68: Protection of the victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings." In Otto Triffterer, ed. Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
• Erez, Edna (2006). "Protracted War, Terrorism and Mass Victimization: Exploring Victimological/Criminological Concepts and Theories to Address Victimization in Israel." In Uwe Ewald and Ksenija Turkovic, eds. Large-Scale Victimisation as a Potential Source of Terrorist Activities. Amsterdam: IOS Press, pp. 89-103.
• Guariglia, F. (2001). "Los límites de la impunidad: la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el caso Barrios Altos", in Nueva Doctrina Penal, 2001/A (Editorial del Puerto, Buenos Aires 2001) pp. 209-30.
• Hamber, Brandon (2008). " Narrowing the Micro and Macro: A Psychological Perspective on Reparations in Societies in Transition." In Pablo de Greiff, ed. The Handbook of Reparations. Oxford University Press, Ch. 16.
• Joachim, Ingeborg (2005)."Sexualised violence in war and its consequences."In Medica Mondiale, ed. Violence Against Women in War: Handbook for Professionals working with Traumatised Women. Cologne: Medica Mondiale, pp. 63 - 110.
• Jorda, Claude, and Jerome de Hemptinne (2002). "The Status and Role of the Victim." In Antonino Cassese, Paola Gaeta and John R.W.D. Jones, eds. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Vol. II, chapter 6, section 32. Oxford University Press.
• Lecic, D., and T. J. Bakalic (2004). "Against Torture - The Road to a Healthy Individual and Society." In Želijko Špirić, Goran Knežević, Vladimir Jović, Anika Krstić, Goran Opačić, and Jelena Antonijević, eds. Torture in War: Consequences And Rehabilitation of Victims - Yugoslav experience. Belgrade: International Aid Network.
• Modvig J., and J. M. Jaranson (2004). "A Global Perspective of Torture, Political Violence, and Health." In John P. Wilson, and Boris Drozdek, eds. Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees, War and Torture Victims, New York: Brunner-Routledge, pp. 33-52.
• Pejic, Jelena (2012). "Armed Conflict and Terrorism: There is a (Big) Difference." In Ana-María Salinas de Frías, Katja L. H. Samuel, and Nigel D. White, eds. Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, Ch. 7.
• Rastan, Rod, and Olympia Bekou (2012). "Terrorism and Counter-Terrorist Responses: The Role of International Criminal Jurisdictions." In Ana-María Salinas de Frías, Katja L. H. Samuel, and Nigel D. White, eds. Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, Ch. 32.
• Schmid, Alex (2006). "Magnitudes and Focus of Terrorist Victimization." In Uwe Ewald and Ksenija Turkovic, eds. Large-Scale Victimisation as a Potential Source of Terrorist Activities. Amsterdam: IOS Press, pp. 3-19.

 

Cases

• European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
• • Aksoy v. Turkey (Application no. 21987/93), Judgment of 18 December 1996.
  • Kaya v. Turkey (Application nos. 158/1996/777/978), Judgment of 19 February 1998.
  • A v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 25599/94), Judgment of 23 September 1998.
  • Osman v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 23452/94), Judgment of 28 October 1998.
  • Mentes v. Turkey (Application no. 23186/94), Judgment of 28 November 1997.
  • Z and Others v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 29392/95), Judgment of 10 May 2001.
  • Orhan v. Turkey (Application no. 25656/94), Judgment of 18 June 2002.
  • E. and Others v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 33218/96), Judgment of 26 November 2002.
  • Assanidze v. Georgia (Application no. 71503/01), Judgment of 8 April 2004.
  • Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v. Russia (Application nos. 57947/00, 57948/00, 57949/00), Judgment of 24 February 2005.
  • Janowiec v. Russia (Application nos. 55508/07 and 29520/09), Judgment of 21 October 2013.
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)
• • Velasquez Rodriques v. Honduras , Judgment of 29 July 1988, Series C, no. 4.
  • Barrios Altos v. Peru , Judgment of 14 May 2001, Series C, no. 7.
• International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Republic of Yugoslavia
• • Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac and Zoran Vukovic , Appeal Judgment of 12 June 2002, IT-96-23 and IT-96-23/1-A.
  • Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaškić , Appeal Judgment of 29 July 2004, IT-95-14-A.
  • Prosecutor v. Dario Kordić and Mario Cerkez , Appeal Judgment of 17 December 2004, IT-95-14/2-A.
• Permanent Court of International Justice
• • Factory at Chorzow (Germany v. Poland) (Merits), Judgment of 13 September 1928, Permanent Court of International Justice, 1928 P.C.I.J Series A., No. 17.

 

Conventions and international legal instruments

• European Convention on Human Rights . Rome, 4 November 1950.
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . New York, 16 December 1966,Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171 and vol. 1057, p. 407.
• American Convention on Human Rights . San José, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969.
• European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crimes . Strasbourg, 24 November 1983.
• Convention on the Rights of the Child . New York, 20 November 1989, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3.
• Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam . Adopted 5 August 1990.
• Asian Human Rights Charter . Adopted 17 May 1998.
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Rome, 17 July 1998, Treaties Series , vol. 2187, p. 3.
• African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights . Adopted 1 July 2003, entered into force 25 November 2005.
• Arab Charter on Human Rights . Adopted 22 May 2004, entered into force 15 March 2008.
• International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance . New York, 20 December 2006, Treaty Series, vol. 2716, p. 3.
• Nairobi Declaration on Women's and Girls' Right to a Remedy and Reparation 2007 . Issued at the International Meeting on Women's and Girls' Right to a Remedy. 22 May 2007.
• ASEAN Human Rights Declaration . Adopted 18 November 2012.
• European Union, European Parliament (2012). " Directive 2012/29/EU establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA." Official Journal of the European Union, L 315/57.
• International Criminal Court (ICC) (2013). Rules of Procedure and Evidence . The Hague: ICC.

 

Journal / online articles

• Akhavan, Payam (1998). " Justice in The Hague, Peace in the Former Yugoslavia? A Commentary on the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal." Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 737-816.
• Andrews, Bernice, Mingyi Qian, and John D. Valentine (2002). " Predicting depressive symptoms with a new measure of shame: the Experience of Shame Scale." British Journal of Clinical Psychology, vol.41, issue 1, pp. 29-42.
• Becker, David (2003). " Mental Health and Human Right: Thinking About the Relatedness of Individual and Social Processes." Paper presented at conference, Towards a Better Future: Building Healthy Communities, Belfast, October.
• Bogner, Diana, Jane Herlihy, and Chris R. Brewin (2007). " Impact of sexual violence on disclosure during Home Office interviews." British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, pp. 75-81(2007).
• Brewin, C. R. (2007). "Autobiographical Memory for Trauma: Update on four Controversies." Memory, vol. 15, issue 3, pp. 227-248.
• Clifford, Cassandra (2008). " Rape as a Weapon of War and its Long-term Effects on Victims and Society." Conference paper, 7 ^th Global Conference on Violence and the Contexts of Hostility. Budapest, 5 - 7 May.
• Duke, Lisa A., Daniel N. Allen, Patricia D. Rozee, Matthew Bommaritto (2008) " The sensitivity and specificity of flashbacks and nightmares to trauma. " Journal of Anxiety Disorders, vol. 22, issue 2, pp. 319-327 .
• Garkawe, Sam (2003). " Victims and the International Criminal Court: Three major issues." International Criminal Law Review, vol. 3, issue 4, pp. 345-367.
• Ghoborah, Hazem Adam, Paul Huth, and Bruce Russet (2003). " Civil Wars Kill and Maim People - Long After the Shooting Stops. " American Political Science Review, vol.97, no. 2, pp. 189-202.
• Groome, Dermot (2011). " The Right to Truth in the Fight Against Impunity." Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol. 29, issue 1, pp,175-191.
• Hagen, Kristen, and Sophie Yohani (2010). " Nature and Psychosocial Consequences of War Rape for Individuals and Communities." International Journal of Psychological Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 14-29.
• Halsell, Kaitlin (2016). " Whole Again: Statutory Compensation Schemes as a Tort Alternative in the Aftermath of Terror Attacks." Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, vol. 30, issue 2, pp.289-316.
• Hamber, Brandon (2000). " Repairing the Irreparable: dealing with the double-binds of making reparations for crimes of the past." Ethnicity and Health, vol. 5, issue 3/4, pp. 215-226.
• Hárdi, Lilla and Adrienn Kroó (2011). " The Trauma of Torture and the Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors." Zeitschrift für Psychologie, vol. 219, issue 3, pp. 133-142.
• Herlihy, J., and S. Turner (2006). " Should discrepant accounts given by asylum seekers be taken as proof of deceit?", Torture, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 81-92.
• Hoge, Charles W. Artin Terhakopian, Carl A. Castro, Stephen C. Messer, Charles C. Engel (2007). " Association of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Somatic Symptoms, Health Care Visits, and Absenteeism among Iraq War Veterans." American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 164, issue 1, pp. 150-153.
• Hongju Koh, Harold (2016). " Civil Remedies for Uncivil Wrongs: Combatting Terrorism through Transnational Public Law Litigation." Texas International Law Journal, vol. 50, no. 169, pp. 196-209.
• Jehel, Louis, Sabrina Paterniti, Alain Burnet, and Julien-Daniel Guelfi (2003). " Prediction of the Occurrence and Intensity of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims 32 Months after Bomb Attack." European Psychiatry, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 172-176.
• Karstedt, Susanne (2010). " From Absence to Presence, From Silence to Voice: Victims in International and Transitional Justice Since the Nuremberg Trials." International Review of Victimology, vol. 17, issue 1, pp.9-30.
• Kira, Ibrahim Aref (2002). " Torture Assessment and Treatment: The Wraparound Approach." Traumatology, vol. 8, issue 2, pp. 54-86.
• McDermott, Yvonne (2009). " Some are more Equal than Others: Victim Participation in the ICC." Eyes on the ICC, vol.5, no. 1, pp.  23-47.
• Ramsay, Rosalind, Caroline Gorst-Unsworth, and Stuart Turner (1993). " Psychiatric Morbidity in Survivors of Organised State Violence Including Torture: A Retrospective Series." British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 162, issue 1, pp. 55-59.
• Shapland, Joanna and Matthew Hall (2007). " What do we know about the effects of crime on victims? "  International Review of Victimology, vol. 14, issue 2, pp. 175-217.
• Silove, Derrick (1999). " The psychosocial effects of torture, mass human rights violations, and refugee trauma: Toward an Integrated conceptual framework." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol. 187, issue 4, pp. 200-207.
• Spiric, Zeljko, Goran Opacic, Vladimir Jovic, and Milorad Todorović (2010). " Gender differences in victims of war torture: types of torture and psychological consequences." Vojnosanitetski Pregled, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 411-418.
• Tompkins, Tamara L. (1995). " Prosecuting rape as a war crime: Speaking the unspeakable." Notre Dame Law Review, vol. 70, issue 4, pp. 845 - 890.
• Vinar, Marcelo N. (2005). " The specificity of torture as trauma: The human wilderness when words fail." International Journal of Psychoanalysis, vol. 86, issue 2, pp. 311-333.
• Weine, Stevan M., Alma Dzubur Kulenovic, Ivan Pavkovic, and Robert Gibbons (1998). " Testimony psychotherapy in Bosnian refugees: A pilot study." American Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 155, issue 12, pp. 1720 - 1726.
• Yohani, Sophie C. and Kristine T. Hagen (2010). " Refugee women survivors of war related sexualised violence: a multicultural framework for service provision in resettlement countries." Intervention, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 207 - 222.

 

Reports, guidelines and recommendations

• African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACommHPR) (2015). Principles and Guidelines on Human and Peoples' Rights while Countering Terrorism in Africa .
• Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers (2006). Recommendation Rec(2006)8 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Assistance to Crime Victims .14 June 2006.
• European Council (2010). " The Stockholm Programme - An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens." Official Journal of the European Union, 2010/C 115/01.
• International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Survivors (IRCT)
• • (2009(a)). Medical Physical Examination of Alleged Torture Survivors: A Practical Guide to the Istanbul Protocol - for Medical Doctors . IRCT: Copenhagen.
  • (2009(b)). Medical Physical Examination of Alleged Torture Survivors: A Practical Guide to the Istanbul Protocol - for Medical Doctors , 2 ^nd ed. IRCT: Copenhagen.
• Redress (2012). The Participation of Victims in International Criminal Court Proceedings: A Review of the Practice and Consideration of Options for the Future . London: Redress Trust.

 

United Nations Materials

• United Nations, Committee Against Torture (2012). General Comment No. 3: Implementation of article 14 by State parties . 13 December. CAT/C/GC/3.
• United Nations, Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights
• • (1997(a)). The Administration of Justice and the Human Rights of Detainees, Question of the impunity of perpetrators of human rights violations (civil and political) final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1996/119 . 26 June. CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20
  • (1997(b)) Revised final report prepared by Mr. Joinet pursuant to Sub-Commission decision 1996/119 . 2 October. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1997/20/Rev.1.
  • (2000). Civil and Political Rights, Including Questions of: Independence of the Judiciary, Administration of Justice, Impunity. The right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross human rights and fundamental freedoms'. Final Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. M. Bassiouni, submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 1999/33 . 18 January. E/CN.4/2000/62.
  • (2005). Impunity: Report of the independent expert to update the Set of principles to combat impunity, Diane Orentlicher, Addendum Updated Set of principles for the protection and promotion of human rights through action to combat impunity . 8 February. E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1.
  • (2006). Extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions: Report of the Special Rapporteur, Philip Alston . 8 March. E/CN.4/2006/53.
• United Nations, General Assembly
• • (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights . 10 December. A/RES/217/A.
  • (1975). Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . 9 December. A/RES/30/3452.
  • (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. 29 November. A/RES/40/34.
  • (2006(a)). Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law . 21 March. A/RES/60/147.
  • (2006(b)). The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy . 20 September. A/RES/60/288.
  • (2010). Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Right to Truth . 28 July. A/HRC/15/33.
  • (2016(a)). The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy Review . 19 July. A/RES/70/291.
  • (2016(b)). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 13 September. A/71/384.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council
• • (2011). Summary of the Human Rights Council panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 7 December. A/HRC/19/38.
  • (2012). Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson . 4 June. A/ HRC/20/14.
  • (2013). Human rights and issues related to terrorist hostage-taking: Report of the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee . 4 July. A/HRC/24/47.
  • (2016). Negative effects of terrorism on the enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 30 December. A/HRC/34/30.
  • (2017). Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism . 20 June. A/HRC/35/L.27.
• United Nations, Human Rights Committee (2004). General Comment No. 31: The Nature of the General Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant . 26 May.  CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add. 13.
• United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2004).  Istanbul Protocol Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . Professional Training Series No. 8/Rev.1. Geneva: United Nations.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
• • (2009). Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism . New York: United Nations.
  • (2016). Good Practices in Supporting Victims of Terrorism within the Criminal Justice Framework . New York: United Nations.

 

Websites

• Asociacion 11-M Afectados Terrorismo.
• European Commission, Migration and Home Affairs, "Victims". (last updated 22 February 2018).
• Global Counterterrorism Forum, Criminal Justice Sector/Rule of Law Working Group.
• United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism/Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.
• Victim Support Fund.
• World Trade Center Survivors' Network.

 

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