• E4J University Module Series: Counter-Terrorism

• Module 13: Non-Discrimination and Fundamental Freedoms

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • Principle of non-discrimination
  • Freedom of religion
  • Freedom of expression
  • Freedom of assembly
  • Freedom of association
  • Fundamental freedoms in situations of armed conflict

• Exercises and case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• References

 

Published in July 2018.

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Advanced reading

 

This section recommends advanced readings for students interested in exploring the topic(s) of this Module in more detail, and for lecturers teaching the Module.

Fundamental freedoms and counter-terrorism

• International Commission of Jurists (2009). Assessing Damage, Urging Action: Report of the Eminent Jurists Panel on Terrorism, Counter-terrorism and Human Rights . Geneva. 
• Amnesty International (2016). Upturned Lives: The disproportionate impact of France's state of emergency . London.
• International Federation for Human Rights (2009). Pakistan. A Long March for Democracy and the Rule of Law . Paris.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015). Criminalization of the Work of Human Rights Defenders . 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 49/15.
• Brysk, Alison, and Gershon Shafir eds. (2007) . National Insecurity and Human Rights. Democracies Debate Counterterrorism . University of California Press.
• Margulies, Peter (2014). " The NSA in Global Perspective: Surveillance, Human Rights, and International Counterterrorism." Fordham Law Review,vol. 82, p. 2137.
• International Federation for Human Rights (2007). Human rights Violations in Sub-Saharan African Countries in the Name of Counter-Terrorism: A High Risks Situation. No. 483/2 . Paris.
• Bekink, Bernard (2005). " A dilemma of the twenty-first century state: Questions on the balance between democracy and security." African Human Rights Law Journal, viol. 5, no. 2, pp. 406-423.

 

Non-Discrimination

• United Nations, General Assembly, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (2004). General Recommendation 31 on the Prevention of Racial Discrimination in the Administration of the Criminal Justice . 20 August.
• Moeckli, Daniel (2012). "Anti-Terrorism Laws, Terrorist Profiling, and the Right to Non-Discrimination." In Ana-María Salinas De Frias, Katja L.H. Samuel, and Nigel D. White eds. Counter-terrorism: International Law and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch. 23.

 

Religion and belief

• Kouroutakis, Antonio (2016). " Islamic Terrorism: The Legal Impact on the Freedom of Religion in the United States and Europe." Boston University International Law Journal, vol. 34, issue 1, pp. 113-148.
• Smith, Gordon H. (2002). " Religious Freedom and the Challenge of Terrorism." Brigham Young University Law Review, vol. 2002, issue 2, pp. 205-215.
• United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Committee (1993). General Comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of Thought, Conscience or Religion) . 30 July. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2014). Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Heiner Bielefeldt . 29 December. A/HRC/28/66.
• Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights (2015). Guide to Article 9. Freedom of thought conscience and religion . 
• Gomes, Elvado X. (2009). " The Implementation of Inter-American Norms on Freedom of Religion in the National Legislation of OAS Member States." BYU Law Review, vol. 2009, issue 3, pp. 575-596.
• Neo, Jaclyn L. (2017). " Realizing the Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion: The Limited Normative Force of the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration." Human Rights Law Review, Volume 17, Issue 4, pp. 729-751.
• Tawhida, Ahmed (2011). " The EU, Counter-Terrorism and the Protection of Muslims as European Minorities." International Community Law Review, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 437-459.
• Bielefeldt, Heiner, Nazila Ghanea, and Michael Wiener (2016). Freedom of Religion or Belief: An International Law Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

Freedom of opinion and expression

• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) (2011). Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in the Americas . 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 66. 
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2017). Terrorism and the Media. A Handbook for Journalists . Paris.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2012). The use of the Internet for terrorist purposes . New York: UNODC.
• UNODC (2006). Preventing terrorist acts: A criminal justice strategy integrating rule of law standards in implementation of the United Nations anti-terrorism instruments . New York: UNODC.  » Provides useful discussion of incitement of terrorism and support for terrorism offences, as well as of rule-of-law and human rights considerations relevant to the criminalization of these offences.
• United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council (2013). Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Addendum Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred .11 January. A/HRC/22/17/Add.4.
• Council of Europe (CoE). Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1706 (2005) . Text adopted by the Assembly on 20 June 2005 (17th Sitting).
• African Commission on Human and People's Rights (2002). Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa. Adopted 23 October Banjul, The Gambia .
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2013). Freedom of expression and the internet . 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II, CIDH/RELE/INF.11/13.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2013). Violence against journalists and media workers . 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.  CIDH/RELE/INF.12/13.
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015). Criminalization of the Work of Human Rights Defenders . 31 December. OEA/Ser.L/V/IL, Doc. 49/15.
• Gan, Stephen, James Gomez J., and Uwe Johannen (2004). Asian Cyberactivism: Freedom of Expression and Media Censorship. Bangkok: Friedrich Naumann Foundation, East and Southeast Asia Regional Office in association with Journalism and Media Studies Centre, Eliot Hall, University of Hong Kong.
• Hammond, Felicity (2007). " Terrorism's Next Victim - Judicial Review of the Malaysian Internal Security Act 1960." Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol. 8, issue 2, pp. 270-291.
• Marchand, Sterling A. (2010). " An Ambiguous Response to a Real Threat: Criminalizing the Glorification of Terrorism in Britain." The George Washington International Law Review, vol. 42, pp. 123-158.
• Goldberg, David (2009). "Europe Bans Terrorist Media: what Sort of Antidote to Poisonous Voices." Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, vol. 17, pp. 445-470.
• Keller, Helen, and Maya Sigron (2010). " State Security v Freedom of Expression: Legitimate Fight against Terrorism or Suppression of Political Opposition." Human Rights Law Review, vol. 10, pp. 151-168.
• Council of Europe. The Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism of 2005 (adopted 16 May 2005, entered into force 1 June 2007).  » Provides a definition of "public provocation to commit a terrorist offence" (article 5) and of "recruitment for terrorism" (article 6). The Explanatory Report to this Convention provides additional guidance to its correct interpretation, including regarding the question what conduct amounts to "public provocation to commit a terrorist offence" (paragraphs 86-105). Note that for this Convention, "terrorist offences" are the offences contained in the United Nations counter-terrorism legal instruments.

 

Freedom of association and assembly

• Human Rights Watch (2010). Back to the Future: India's 2008 Counterterrorism Laws. Section IV Unlawful Restrictions on Freedom of Association .
• Article 19 (2001). Freedom of Association and Assembly: Unions, NGOs and Political Freedom in Sub-Saharan Africa . London.
• African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2014). Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Study Group on Freedom of Association .
• United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2018). UN experts decry Saudi Arabia's persistent use of anti-terror laws to persecute peaceful activists . 2 January. Geneva.
• Tufyal, Choudhury and Helen Fenwick (2011). " The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities." Equality and Human Rights Commission Research report 72.

 

Armed conflict

• Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Louise Doswald-Beck (2005). Customary International Humanitarian Law . Volume I: Rules . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Khan, Amadu Wurie (1998). " Journalism & armed conflict in Africa: the civil war in Sierra Leone." Review of African Political Economy, vol. 25, issue 78, pp. 585-597.
• Saul, Ben (2008). " The International Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflict and Other Violent Situations." Australian Journal of Human Rights, vol. 14, issue 1, pp. 99-140.

 

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