• E4J University Module Series: Organized Crime

• Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

  • What is sex? What is gender? What is intersectionality? Why should we care?
  • Why do we know so little about gender in organized crime?
  • Gender and organized crime
  • Gender and different types of organized crime
  • Summary
  • References

• Exercises and case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

Published April 2019

Regional Perspective: Pacific Islands Region - added in November 2019

Regional Perspective: Eastern and Southern Africa - added in April 2019

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

References

 

• Adewunmi, Bim (2014). Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: "I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use." New Statesman America. 2 April 2014.
• Arsovska, Jana, Begum, Popy (2013). From West Africa to the Balkans: exploring women's roles in transnational organized crime. Springer Science+Business Media. New York, 2013. 
• Back, Sinchul, Sadhika Soor, and Jennifer LaPrade (2018). Juvenile Hackers: An Empirical Test of Self-Control Theory and Social Bonding Theory. International Journal of Cybersecurity Intelligence & Cybercrime 1.1, 2018: 40-55.
• BBC (2015). Quién es la "Reina del Pacífico" liberada de prisión en México. BBC Mundo, 8 February 2015.
• Bermúdez, Natalia Verónica (2015). "Entre padres y hermanos. Lazos de sangre y prácticas políticas de los allegados a muertos en contextos de violencia (Ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina)." AIBR: Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 10.3: 377-399.
• Brodie, Neil (2015). The role of conservators in facilitating the theft and trafficking of cultural objects: the case of a seized Libyan statue, Libyan Studies 48: 117-123.
• Castiello Jones, Katherine, Joya Misra, and K McCurley (2013). Intersectionality in Sociology. Factsheet, Sociologists for Women in Society.
• Connell, R. W (2004). Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Cooper, Britney (2016). Intersectionality. in: Disch, Lisa and Mary Hawkesworth, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
• Cpotter (2016).  The History of Women Hackers. The New School: Digital Humanities. 17 December 2016.
• Cruz-Torres, María Luz, and Pamela McElwee (2017). Gender, livelihoods, and sustainability: Anthropological research. in: MacGregor, Sherilyn, ed. Routledge Handbook of Gender and Environment. Taylor and Francis. p. 133-145
• Cruz, Luis and Margarita Martinez Osorio (2018). The Place that female coca growers deserve. DeJusticia, 14 March 2018.
• De Vido, Sara (2017). Mainstreaming Gender in the Protection of Cultural Heritage. in: Simona Pinton and Lauso Zagato, eds. Cultural Heritage: Scenarios 2015-2017. Sapere l'Europa: 451-467.
• Denzin, Norman K (1994). Romancing the text: The qualitative researcher-writer-as-bricoleur. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education. 15-30.
• Derechos Humanos Integrales en Acción (DHIA) (2017). Neither criminals nor illegals: children and adolescents in the migrant smuggling market in the US-Mexico border. Derechos Humanos Integrales en Acción 2017.
• Di Meo, Simone (2012). Camorra, in manette 66 affiliati alla cosca Pianese-D'Alterio. In manette anche la donna a capo del clan. Il Sole 24 Ore, 26 June 2012.  
• Enos, Tony (2017). Eight things you should know about Two-Spirit People. Indian Country Today, 28 March, 2017.
• European Asylum Support Office (EASO) (2015). Nigeria Sex Trafficking of Women. EASO Country of Origin Information Report. October 2015. 
• Funk, Cary and Kim Parker (2018). Women and Men in STEM often at odds over workplace equity. PEW Research Center, Washington D.C.
• Gerulaityte, Egle (2018). Guna Yala: The Island where Women make the Rules. BBC Travel, 14 August 2018.  
• Guerra, Santiago Ivan (2015). La Chota y Los Mafiosos: Mexican American casualties of the border drug war. Latino Studies 13, no. 2: 227-244.
• Hutchings, A. and Chua, Y. (2016). Gendering cybercrime. in T. J. Holt (ed.), Cybercrime through an Interdisciplinary Lens, pp. 167-188.
• Ingrascì, Ombretta (2007). Donne d'onore, storie di mafia al femminile. Bruno Mondadori, Milano.
• Innes, Alexander and Kim Anderson (eds.) (2017). Indigenous men and masculinities: legacies, identities, regeneration. University of Toronto Quarterly, 83(3): 242-244.
• International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2016). Egyptian Unaccompanied Migrant Children: a case study on irregular migration. IOM: Cairo.
• Interpeace (2015). Violentas y violentadas. Relaciones de género en las maras Salvatrucha y Barrio 18 del triángulo norte de Centroamérica. 15 May 2015.
• Iyer, Kavita (2016). Here are the world's top 10 female hackers. Techworm. 25 April 2016.
• Lammasniemi, Laura (2017). Anti-White Slavery Legislation and its Legacies in England. Anti-Trafficking Review 9. 64-76.
• McElwee, Pamela (2012). The gender dimensions of the illegal trade in wildlife: local and global connections in Vietnam. Maria Luz Cruz-Torres and Pamela McElwee, eds. Gender and Sustainability: Lessons from Asia and Latin America. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p.71-96.
• McIntosh, Tracey and Stan Coster (2017). Indigenous Insider Knowledge and Prison Identity. Counterfutures, 3(68-98). Aotearoa.
• Malinowska, Kasia and Olga Rychkova (2015). Getting Drug Policy Right for Women and Girls. Open Society Foundations, 11 June 2015.
• Malterud, Kirsti (2001). Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines. The lancet 358, no. 9280: 483-488.
• Messerschmidt, James W. and Tomsen, Stephen (2016). Masculinities, Crime and Criminal Justice. Oxford Handbooks Online, February 2016
• Microsoft (2018). Closing the STEM gap why STEM classes and careers still lack girls and what we can do about it. Microsoft: Palo Alto.
• Miller, Jodi and Kristine Carbone Lopez (2015). Beyond doing gender: incorporating race, class, place and life transitions into feminist drug research. Substance Use and Misuse. 50(6):693-707.
• Office of the Under Secretary - Economics and Statistics Administration (OUS/EA) (2017). Women in STEM: 2017 Update. US Secretary of Commerce, Washington D. C.
• Organization of American States (OAS) (2016). Women, Drug Policies, and Incarceration. A guide for Policy Reform in Latin America. WOLA, IDPC, De Justicia, CIM, OAS.  
• Palmer, Wayne, and Antje Missbach (2017). Trafficking within migrant smuggling operations: Are underage transporters 'victims' or 'perpetrators'? Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 26, (3): 287-307.
• Rousseau, Amanda (2017). What being a female hacker is really like. Teen Vogue. 28 August 2017.
• Sanchez, Gabriella (2016). Women's Participation in the Facilitation of Human Smuggling: The Case of the US Southwest.  Geopolitics,  21(2), pp.387-406.
• Sanchez, Gabriella (2018). Five Misconceptions about Migrant Smuggling. Policy Briefs, Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute: Florence.
• Seagrave, Marie, Sonja Milivojevic and Sharon Pickering (2012). Sex trafficking: international context and response. Willan, London.
• Shaw, Mark and Luke Skywalker (2018). Gangs, Violence and the role of Women and Girls: Emerging themes and policy and programme options drawn from interviews with female gang members in Cape Town. Global Initiative Against Transnational and Organized Crime. Geneva.
• Stone-Cadena, Victoria, and Soledad Álvarez-Velasco (2018). Historicizing mobility: Coyoterismo in the indigenous Ecuadorian migration industry. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 676.1: 194-211.
• Stubbs, Julie, and Julia Tolmie (2008). Battered women charged with homicide: Advancing the interests of Indigenous women. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 41.1: 138-161.
• Synowiec, Ola (2018). The Third Gender of Souther Mexico. BBC Travel, 26 November 2018.
• Tremblay, Sophie (2019). Chinese 'Queen of Ivory' jailed for 15 years in Tanzania. CNN World, 19 February 2019.
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (2017). UNICEF Annual Report 2017. United Nations: New York.
• United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/186. Strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice responses to protect cultural property, especially with regard to its trafficking. Adopted on 18 December 2013.
• United Nations Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and the Advancement of Women (UN OSAGI) (2001). Gender Mainstreaming: Strategy for Promoting Gender Equality. UN Women: New York.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2006). Travaux Préparatoires of the negotiations for the elaboration of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto. UNODC: New York 2006.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2013). Global Study on Homicide 2013. UNODC: Vienna.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2017). Issue Paper: the Concept of "Financial or other Material benefit" in the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. UNODC: Vienna.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC (a)) (2018). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2018. UNODC: Vienna.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC (b)) (2018). Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants 2018. UNODC: Vienna.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC (c)) (2018). World Drug Report 2018. UNODC: Vienna 2018.
• United Nations Security Council (2015). Resolution 2199.   Adopted by the Security Council at its 7379th meeting, on 12 February 2015.
• United Nations Security Council (2017). Resolution 2347.   Adopted by the Security Council at its 7907th meeting, on 24 March 2017.
• United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) (2017). Quick Facts: Alien Smuggling Offenses, 2013-2017. US Sentencing Commission: Washington D.C.  
• United States Attorney Southern District of New York (2006). Sister Ping Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For Alien Smuggling, Hostage Taking, Money Laundering And Ransom Proceeds Conspiracy. Unites States Department of Justice, 16 March 2006.
• USAID (2017). What Drives Demand for Wildlife? A Situation Analysis of Consumer Demand for Wildlife Parts and Products in China, Thailand and Vietnam Based on a Literature Review (Elephant - Pangolin - Rhino - Tiger). United States Agency for International Development (USAID): 2017.
• van den Bergh, Brenda J., Gatherer, Alex, Fraser, Andrew and Moller, Lars (2011). Imprisonment and women's health: concerns about gender sensitivity, human rights and public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2011; 89:689-694.
• Walmsley, R. (2016). World Female Imprisonment List. Fourth edition. World Prison Brief: Institute for Criminal Policy Research (ICPR).
• Washington Office for Latin America (WOLA), IDPC, DeJusticia, CIM, Organización de Estados Americanos (2013). Women, Drug Policies and Incarceration: A guide for Policy reform in Latin America and the Caribbean. WOLA: Washington DC.  
• Yates, D., Mackenzie, S. and Smith, E. (2017), "The cultural capitalists: Notes on the ongoing reconfiguration of trafficking culture in Asia". Crime, Media, Culture, 13(2): 245-254.
• Yates, D. and Mackenzie, S. (2018), "Heritage, crisis, and community crime prevention in Nepal," International Journal of Cultural Property 25(2): 203-221.
• Zhang, Sheldon X (2012). Looking for a hidden population: Trafficking of migrant laborers in San Diego County. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University.

 

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