• E4J University Module Series: Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

• Module 1: United Nations Norms and Standards on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

  • Key terms
  • Topic 1 - Introducing the United Nations standards and norms on crime prevention and criminal justice vis-à-vis international law
  • Topic 2 - The scope of United Nations standards and norms on crime prevention and criminal justice
  • Topic 3 - The United Nations standards and norms on crime prevention and criminal justice in operation
  • Summary
  • References

• Exercises

• Case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• Guidelines to develop a stand-alone course

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• First published in September 2020
  

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  This module is a resource for lecturers  

References

• Abbott, Kenneth W (2007). Commentary: Privately Generated Soft Law in International Governance. In T. J. Biersteker, P. J. Spiro, C. L. Sriram and V. I. Raffo, eds. International Law and International Relations: Building Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.

• Bucci, Nino (2016). IBAC charges officer over alleged 1996 bashing of 21 year-old Corinna Horvath. Australia: The Age.

• Bucci, Nino and Lee, Jane (2014). Police officer should be charged over 1996 attack on Corinna Horvath, IBAC told. Australia: The Age.

• Cooper, Adam (2018). Police officer acquitted of assaulting Corinna Horvath in 1996. Australia: The Age.

• CEDAW Committee (2017). General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women. CEDAW/C/GC/35.
• CEDAW Committee (2015). General Recommendation No. 33 on Women’s Access to Justice. CEDAW/C/GC/33.
• CEDAW Committee and Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014). Joint general recommendation No. 31 of CEDAW and General comment No. 18 of CRC on harmful practices. CEDAW/C/GC/35 and CRC/C/GC/18.
• CERD Committee (2005). General recommendation XXXI on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice system. A/60/18.
• Committee on the Rights of the Child (2007). Revised guidelines regarding initial reports to be submitted by State parties under Article 8, Paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol to the CRC. CRC/C/OPAC/2.
• Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006). Revised guidelines regarding initial reports to be submitted by State parties under Article 12, Paragraph 1, of the Optional Protocol to the CRC. CRC/C/OPSC/2.
• Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006). General Comment No. 8 on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment. CRC/C/GC/8.
• Committee Against Torture (CAT)
• Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESR)
• Committee on Enforced Disappearances (CED)
• Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW)
• Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
• Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
• Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
• Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC)

• Common Cause and CSDS (2018). Status of Policing in India Report 2018: A Study of Performance and Perceptions. Delhi: Common Cause and CSDS.
• Human Rights Committee (2009). Communication No. 1885/2009 on views adopted by the Committee at its 110^th session. CCPR/C/110/D/1885/2009.
• Human Rights Committee (1992). General Comment No. 20 on Prohibition of torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. CCPR/C/110/D/1885/2009.
• ICTJ (2018). Justice for Syrian Victims Beyond Trials: The Need for New, Innovative Uses for Documentation of Human Rights Violations in Syria. New York: ICTJ.
• Penal Reform International (2012). Alternatives to Imprisonment in East Africa: Trends and Challenges. London: PRI.
• United Nations (2013). Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems. Vienna: UN.
• United Nations (2008). Strengthening Prevention of Urban Crime: An integrated approach. E/RES/2008/24.

• Human Rights Committee (HRC)
• Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure (HRCCP)

• Human Rights Committee (1982). General Comment No. 9 on article 10 (Humane Treatment of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty).

• Independent Expert on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
• International Court of Justice (ICJ)
• International Criminal Court, Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, A/Conf. 183/9.
• INSPIRE (2018). Inspire Handbook: Action for implementing the seven strategies for ending violence against children. Luxembourg: World Health Organisation.
• Levit, Janet Koven (2007). “Bottom-Up International Lawmaking: Reflections on the New Haven School of International Law”. Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 32.
• OHCHR (2017). Human Rights and Law Enforcement, A Manual on Human Rights Training for Law Enforcement Officials. Geneva: OHCHR.
• Penal Reform International (n.d.). Prison Overcrowding. London: PRI.

• Remedy Australia (n.d), Regarding the case: Horvath v Australia (HRC, 2014), Violations: ICCPR Article 2(3).
• Sen, Amartya (2010). The Idea of Justice. London: Penguin Books.
• Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council
• Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions
• Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants
• Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers
• Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms while Countering Terrorism
• Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association
• Special Rapporteur on the Sale and Sexual Exploitation of Children, including child prostitution, child pornography and other child sexual abuse material
• Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
• Special Rapporteur on Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children
• Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its causes and consequences
• Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (SPT)
• The Siracusa International Institute for Criminal Justice and Human Rights
• The New York Times, “The Brutality of ‘Corrective Rape’”, 27 July 2013.
• Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (2005). Guidelines on Justice in Matters Involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime. E/RES/2005/20.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (2002). Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters. E/RES/2002/12.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1997). Measures on the Prevention and Control of Illicit Trafficking in Motor Vehicles. E/RES/1997/29.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1997). Firearm regulation for purposes of crime prevention and public health and safety. E/RES/1997/28.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1997). Guidelines for action on children in the criminal justice system. E/RES/1997/30.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1995). Guidelines for the prevention of urban crime. E/RES/1995/9.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1992). Establishment of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. E/RES/1992/1.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1992). Implementation of GA Resolution 46/152 concerning operational activities and coordination in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice. E/RES/1992/22.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1989). Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions. E/RES/1989/65.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1985). Review of the Composition, Organization and Administrative Arrangements of the Sessional Working Group of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the ICESCR. E/RES/1985/17.
• United Nations Economic and Social Council (1962). Commission on Human Rights Report to the Economic and Social Council. E/CN.4/832/Rev/1.
• UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
• United Nations Human Rights Council (2007). Institution-building of the United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/RES/5/1.
• United Nations (2015). Doha Declaration on Integrating Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice into the Wider United Nations Agenda to Address Social and Economic Challenges and to Promote the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, and Public Participation, GA/RES/70/174.
• United Nations (2015). Capital Punishment and the Implementation of the Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of those Facing the Death Penalty, A/HRC/30/18.
• United Nations (2015). Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). New York: UN.
• United Nations (2014). United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. A/RES/69/194.
• United Nations (2014). Handbook on effective prosecution responses to violence against women and girls. New York: UN.
• United Nations (2014). International Guidelines for Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Responses with Respect to Trafficking in Cultural Property and Other Related Offences, A/RES/69/196.

• United Nations (2011). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure. A/RES/66/138.
• United Nations (2010). Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders with their Commentary (the Bangkok Rules). Bangkok: UN.
• United Nations (2010). GA Resolution on Strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice responses to violence against women, A/RES/65/228.
• United Nations (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, A/RES/61/106.
• United Nations (2008). Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: UN Approach to Rule of Law Assistance.New York: UN.
• United Nations (2006). Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, A/RES/61/106.
• United Nations (2008). Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A/RES/8/2.

• United Nations (2006). Questions relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2006-07. A/RES/61/252.
• United Nations (2006). International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. A/RES/61/177.
• United Nations (2004). Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols. A/RES/55/25.
• United Nations (2004). Convention against Corruption. A/RES/58/4.

• United Nations (2002). Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime. E/RES/2002/12.

• United Nations (2002). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. A/RES/54/263.
• United Nations (2002). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. A/RES/54/263.
• United Nations (2002). Optional Protocol of the Convention against Torture. A/RES/57/199.
• United Nations (2000). Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. A/RES/55/89.
• United Nations (1997). UN Declaration on Crime and Public Security. A/RES/51/60.

• United Nations (1995). Guidelines for Cooperation and Technical Assistance in the Field of Urban Crime Prevention. E/RES/1995/9.

• United Nations (1991). Creation of an effective United Nations crime prevention and criminal justice programme. A/RES/46/152.
• United Nations (1990). United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (The Tokyo Rules). A/RES/45/110.
• United Nations (1990). United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency, the Riyadh Guidelines. A/RES/45/112.
• United Nations (1990). The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. A/RES/45/158.
• United Nations (1990). Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty. A/RES/45/113.
• United Nations (1990). Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. Havana: UN.
• United Nations (1990). Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors. A/RES/45/166.
• United Nations (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. A/RES/44/25.
• United Nations (1985). Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. A/RES/40/34.
• United Nations (1985). Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary. A/RES/40/32 and 40/146.
• United Nations (1985). United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (the Beijing Rules). A/RES/40/33.
• United Nations (1984). Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. A/RES/39/46.
• United Nations (1982). Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel. A/RES/37/194.
• United Nations (1979). Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials. A/RES/34/169.
• United Nations (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. A/RES/34/180.
• United Nations (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. A/RES/2200A (XXI).
• United Nations (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. A/RES/2200A (XXI).
• United Nations (1975). Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. A/RES/3452/195.
• United Nations (1965). Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination. A/RES/2106(XX)A – B).
• United Nations (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A/RES/217 A.
• United Nations (1945). Charter of the United Nations (1 UNTS XVI). San Francisco: UN.
• UN Committee on Migrant Workers (ICMW)
• UN (n.d.). International Law and Justice
• UN (n.d.). Coordination of Rule of Law Activities
• United Nations International Law Commission
• United Nations Multilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General
• United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
• United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ)
• United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offender (1990). Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers (Havana Principles). Havana: UN.
• UNODCCP (1999). Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the use and application of the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. New York: UN
• UNODC (n.d.). General Assembly and the CND and CCPJ
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
• UNODC Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics
• UNODC (2017). Model Law on Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems with Commentaries. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2017). Handbook on Anti-Corruption Measures in Prisons. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2016). Handbook on the Management of High-Risk Prisoners. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2016). Handbook on the Management of Violent Extremist Prisoners and the Prevention of Radicalization to Violence in Prison. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2015). Introducing the United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2014). Handbook on Women and Imprisonment: 2^nd edition, with reference to the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (The Bangkok Rules). New York: UN.
• UNODC (2014). The Status and Role of Prosecutors – UNODC and IAP Guide. New York: UN.
• UNODC (2014). Tenth survey on capital punishment and on the implementation of the safeguards guaranteeing protection of the rights of those facing the death penalty, covering the period of 2014-2018. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2013). Handbook on strategies to reduce overcrowding in prisons. New York: UNODC.
• UNODC (2013). Justice in Matters Involving Children in Conflict with the Law: Model Law on Juvenile Justice and Related Commentary. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2011). Addendum to the Standards of Professional Responsibilities and Statement of the Essential Duties and Rights of Prosecutors: Compilation of comments received from Member States. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2011). Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity. New York: UN.

• UNODC (2010). Handbook on Effective Police Responses to Violence Against Women. New York: UN.
• UNODC, UN Women, UNDP and OHCHR. (2018). A Practitioner's Toolkit on Women's Access to Justice Programming. New York, Vienna and Geneva: UNODC, UN Women, UNDP and OHCHR.

• UNODC (2010). United Nations Congresses on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 1955-2010. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2010). Handbook on the Crime Prevention Guidelines – Making them work. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2010). Handbook for prison leaders: A basic training tool and curriculum for prison managers based on international standards and norms. New York: UN.
• UNODC (2009). Handbook on Prisoners with special needs. New York: UN.
• UNODC (2009). Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime. UNODC: Vienna.
• UNODC (2008). Handbook on Prisoner File Management. New York: UN.
• UNODC (2007). Commentary on the Bangalore Principles of Judicial conduct. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2007). Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment. New York: UN.
• UNODC (2006). Compendium of United Nations Standards and Norms in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. New York: UN.
• UNODC (2006). Manual for the Measurement of Juvenile Justice Indicators. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2006). Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes. Vienna: UNODC.
• UNODC (2006). Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit. New York: UN.
• UNODC and UNDPKO (2009). UN Criminal Justice Standards for United Nations Police. Vienna and New York: UNODC and UNDPKO.
• UNODC and OHCHR (2017). Resource Book on the Use of Force and Firearms in Law Enforcement. New York: UNODC and OHCHR.
• UNODC and UNDP (2016). Global Study on Legal Aid: Global Report. New York and Vienna: UNODC and UNDP.
• UNODC and UNDP (2014). Early access to legal aid in criminal justice processes: a handbook for policymakers and practitioners. New York and Vienna: UNODC and UNDP.

• United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice System (UN-CTS).
• United Nations Security Council (2004). The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post Conflict Societies. New York: Report of the Secretary-General.
• Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
• Working Group on the Issue of Discrimination Against Women in Law and in Practice
• World Prison Brief (2018). World Prison Brief Data. London: World Prison Brief.

Next: Exercises

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