• E4J University Module Series: Counter-Terrorism

• Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques and Intelligence Gathering

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • International legal framework
  • Regional and national approaches
  • Key contemporary issues
  • Special investigation techniques
  • Surveillance and interception of communications
  • Privacy and intelligence gathering in situations of armed conflict
  • Accountability and oversight of intelligence gathering methods

• Exercises and case studies

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

• References

 

Published in July 2018.

 

 

  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Introduction

 

A very important element of any State's counter-terrorism efforts is to gather intelligence regarding those plotting and perpetrating terrorist acts against it. The overarching goal is to maintain the integrity of national security, keeping the population safe in the process. Indeed, one of the most important, fundamental human rights obligations that a State has towards those residing on its territory is to protect them, including from serious international crimes such as terrorism. Intelligence plays a vital role in preventing terrorist attacks from occurring and in assisting law enforcement officers in apprehending persons suspected of committing terrorist acts whether before or after an actual attack has occurred. Intelligence has long played a central role in counter terrorism efforts, including in identifying, locating and 'neutralising' terrorist non-State actors.

Although this Module discusses some rule of law concerns relating to privacy and intelligence gathering in a counter-terrorism context, such concerns should be considered holistically in terms of the immense challenges faced by States in responding effectively to increasingly asymmetrical forms of terrorist activity together with growing numbers of 'persons of interest' such as returning Foreign Terrorist Fighters. Issues examined in a number of other Modules that are of relevance here include the utilization of 'coercive interrogation techniques' amounting to torture ( Module 9), violations of the right to life in extreme circumstances ( Module 8) and discriminatory practices ( Module 13). This Module examines some of these key tensions, the relevant legal frameworks governing privacy and intelligence gathering, together with some contemporary issues of rule of law concern, in both peacetime and armed conflict situations.

Learning outcomes

• Introduce and explain the concept of intelligence gathering and some of the most prevalent forms that this takes.
• Understand the primary international and regional legal frameworks governing the right to privacy, with a specific focus on intelligence gathering, in both peacetime and armed conflict situations.
• Identify and compare different national policy and legislative approaches and practices,
• Examine some contemporary issues relating to intelligence and evidence gathering which have rule of law implications.

 

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