• E4J University Module Series: Cybercrime

• Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns and Warfare in Cyberspace

• Introduction and learning outcomes

• Key issues

• • Hacktivism
  • Cyberespionage
  • Cyberterrorism
  • Cyberwarfare
  • Information warfare, disinformation and electoral fraud
  • Responses to cyberinterventions as prescribed by international law
  • Conclusion
  • References

• Exercises

• Possible class structure

• Core reading

• Advanced reading

• Student assessment

• Additional teaching tools

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• First published in June 2019
  

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  This module is a resource for lecturers  

 

Conclusion

 

When a state experiences a cyberintervention by another state, the state may consider taking some form of action against the offending state as long as it is in accordance with international laws. The response taken depends on the type of cyberintervention experienced. The use of cyber proxies by governments has made the countering of cyberespionage, information warfare, and disinformation and the attribution of these crimes to a specific state particularly challenging for authorities worldwide. Legal responses to cyberinterventions have varied from criminal justice responses to retorsions to reprisals. In addition to legal responses, education initiatives have been promoted to counter the acceptance and spread of disinformation, fake news, and misinformation.

 

Next: References

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