Please take the time to give us your feedback.
Take Survey
No thanks
Welcome to the United Nations
عربي
中文
English
Français
Русский
Español
Other:
Google Translate
Original Text
About us
About us
Acknowledgements
Databases
Case Law Database
Database of Legislation
CNA Directory
Request an Account
Access CNA Directory
Download CNA Directory
Practical Guide for Requesting Electronic Evidence Across Borders
Update Forms
Bibliography Database
Legislative Guide
Treaties Database
Strategies Database
Education for Universities
Organized Crime
Module 1: Definitions of Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Defining Organized Crime
Definition in Convention
Similarities & Differences
Activities, Organization, Composition
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 1
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Organizing the Commission of Crimes
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Legal Definitions of Organized Crimes
Conspiracy
Criminal Association
Definitions in the Organized Crime Convention
Criminal Organizations and Enterprise Laws
Enabling Offence: Obstruction of Justice
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 2
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Organized Crime Markets
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Drug Trafficking
Firearms Trafficking
Wildlife & Forest Crime
Counterfeit Products Trafficking
Falsified Medical Products
Trafficking in Cultural Property
Trafficking in Persons
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 3
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Infiltration in Business & Government
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Extortion
Extortion Racketeering
Loansharking
Links to Corruption
Bribery versus Extortion
Money-Laundering
Liability of Legal Persons
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 4
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Measuring Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
How much Organized Crime is there?
Alternative Ways for Measuring
Measuring Product Markets
Risk Assessment
Key Concepts of Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment of Organized Crime Groups
Risk Assessment of Product Markets
Risk Assessment in Practice
Summary
References
Exercises
Exercises & Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 5
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Causes and Facilitating Factors
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Positivism: Environmental Influences
Classical: Pain-Pleasure Decisions
Structural Factors
Ethical Perspective
Crime Causes & Facilitating Factors
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 6
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Models of Organized Criminal Groups
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Models and Structure
Hierarchical Model
Local, Cultural Model
Enterprise or Business Model
Groups vs Activities
Networked Structure
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 7
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Law Enforcement Tools
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Jurisdiction
Investigators of Organized Crime
Special Investigative Techniques
Controlled Deliveries
Physical & Electronic Surveillance
Undercover Operations
Financial Analysis
Use of Informants
Rights of Victims & Witnesses
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 8
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Prosecution Strategies
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Role of Prosecutors
Adversarial vs Inquisitorial Legal Systems
Mitigating Punishment
Granting Immunity from Prosecution
Witness Protection
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 9
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Sentencing and Confiscation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Aggravating & Mitigating Factors
Sentencing Options
Alternatives to Imprisonment
Death Penalty & Organized Crime
Backgrounds of Convicted Offenders
Confiscation
Confiscation in Practice
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Role Play
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 10
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: International Cooperation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA)
Extradition
Transfer of Criminal Proceedings
Transfer of Sentenced Persons
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Thinking Critically Through Fiction
Excerpts of Legislation
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 11
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Definition of Crime Prevention and Terminology
Key Crime Prevention Typologies
Crime Problem-solving approaches
What works
Organized Crime Approaches
Beyond the three non-traditional approaches
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review and Assessment Questions
Quiz 12
Research and Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
Cyber Organized Crime Activities
Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Adoption of Organized Crime Convention
Historical Context
Features of the Convention
Protocols
Related international instruments
UNODC
Conference of the Parties
Summary
References
Exercises
Case Studies & Exercises
MUN Simulation
Format
Roles of Participants
Structure and Flow
Recommended Topics
Background Materials
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review & Assessment Questions
Quiz 14
Research & Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 15: Gender and Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
What is Sex / Gender / Intersectionality?
Knowledge about Gender in Organized Crime
Gender and Organized Crime
Gender and Different Types of Organized Crime
Summary
References
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Definitions and Terminology
Organized crime and Terrorism - International Legal Framework
International Terrorism-related Conventions
UNSC Resolutions on Terrorism
Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols
Theoretical Frameworks on Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Typologies of Criminal Behaviour Associated with Terrorism
Terrorism and Drug Trafficking
Terrorism and Trafficking in Weapons
Terrorism, Crime and Trafficking in Cultural Property
Trafficking in Persons and Terrorism
Intellectual Property Crime and Terrorism
Kidnapping for Ransom and Terrorism
Exploitation of Natural Resources and Terrorism
Summary
References
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Review and Assessment Questions
Quiz 16
Research and Independent Study Questions
Additional Teaching Tools
Trafficking in Persons & Smuggling of Migrants
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Migrant Smuggling as a Specific Crime Type
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminalization of Smuggling of Migrants
UNTOC & the Protocol against Smuggling of Migrants
Offences under the Protocol
Financial & Other Material Benefits
Aggravating Circumstances
Criminal Liability
Non-Criminalization of Smuggled Migrants
Scope of the Protocol
Humanitarian Exemption
Jurisdiction
Migrant Smuggling v. Irregular Migration
Migrant Smuggling vis-a-vis Other Crime Types
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Protection of Rights of Smuggled Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Assistance and Protection in the Protocol
International Human Rights and Refugee Law
Vulnerable groups
Positive and Negative Obligations of the State
Identification of Smuggled Migrants
Participation in Legal Proceedings
Role of Non-Governmental Organizations
Smuggled Migrants & Other Categories of Migrants
Short-, Mid- and Long-Term Measures
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Criminal Justice Response to Migrant Smuggling
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminal Justice Reponse: Scope
Investigative & Prosecutorial Approaches
Different Relevant Actors & Their Roles
Testimonial Evidence
Financial Investigations
Media
Non-Governmental Organizations
‘Outside the Box’ Methodologies
Intra- and Inter-Agency Coordination
Admissibility of Evidence
Sentencing
International Cooperation
Exchange of Information
Training
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Prevention and Non-Criminal Justice Responses to Migrant Smuggling
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Non-Criminal Law Relevant to Smuggling of Migrants
Administrative Approach
Complementary Activities & Role of Non-criminal Justice Actors
Macro-Perspective in Addressing Smuggling of Migrants
Human Security
International Aid and Cooperation
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Smuggling of Migrants in the Broader Context of Migration and its Drivers
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Migration & Migrant Smuggling
Mixed Migration Flows
Social Politics of Migrant Smuggling
Vulnerability
Profile of Smugglers
Role of Organized Criminal Groups
Humanitarianism, Security and Migrant Smuggling
Exercises
Additional Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Defining the Concept of Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Crime of Trafficking in Persons
International Legal Framework
The Issue of Consent
The Purpose of Exploitation
The abuse of a position of vulnerability
Indicators of Trafficking in Persons
Distinction between Trafficking in Persons and Other Crimes
Misconceptions Regarding Trafficking in Persons
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Prevention of Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Root Causes
Supply Side Prevention Strategies
Demand Side Prevention Strategies
Role of the Media
Safe Migration Channels
Crime Prevention Strategies
Monitoring, Evaluating & Reporting on Effectiveness of Prevention
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Human Rights-Based Approach to Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Trafficked Persons as Victims
Protection under the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
Broader International Framework
State Responsibility for Trafficking in Persons
Identification of Victims
Principle of Non-Criminalization of Victims
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminal Justice Duties Imposed on States
Role of the Criminal Justice System
Current Low Levels of Prosecutions and Convictions
Challenges to an Effective Criminal Justice Response
Rights of Victims to Justice and Protection
Potential Strategies to “Turn the Tide”
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Role of Civil Society and the Private Sector in Countering Trafficking in Persons
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
State Cooperation with Civil Society
Civil Society Actors
The Private Sector
The Public
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: SOM & TIP - Differences and Commonalities
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Comparing SOM and TIP
Differences and Commonalities
Vulnerability and Continuum between SOM & TIP
When Theory Meets Practice: SOM or TIP?
Labour Exploitation
Forced Marriage
Other Examples
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Children as Smuggled Migrants & Victims of Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Children on the Move
Protecting Smuggled and Trafficked Children
Protection in Practice
Children Alleged as Having Committed Smuggling or Trafficking Offences
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Gender Dimensions of Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Basic Terms - Gender and Gender Stereotypes
International Legal Frameworks and Definitions of TIP and SOM
Global Overview on TIP and SOM
Gender and Migration
Key Debates in the Scholarship on TIP and SOM
Gender and TIP and SOM Offenders
Responses to TIP and SOM
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Links between Cybercrime, Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Use of Technology to Facilitate TIP and SOM
Technology Facilitating Trafficking in Persons
Technology in Smuggling of Migrants
Using Technology to Prevent and Combat TIP and SOM
Privacy and Data Concerns
Emerging Trends
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Other Resources
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Firearms
Module 1: Introduction to Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Framing the Issue of Firearms
Direct Impact of Firearms
Indirect Impacts of Firearms on States or Communities
International and National Responses
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: Basics on Firearms and Ammunition
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Typology and Classification of Firearms
Common Firearms Types
Other Types of Firearms
Parts and Components
Ammunition
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Legal Market in Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
History of the Legitimate Arms Market
Need for a Legitimate Market
Key Actors in the Legitimate Market
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Illicit Market in Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Authorized & Unauthorized Arms Transfers
Illegal Firearms in Social, Cultural & Political Context
Supply, Demand & Criminal Motivations
Larger Scale Firearms Trafficking Activities
Smaller Scale Trafficking Activities
Sources of Illicit Firearms
Consequences of Illicit Markets
Summary
References
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: International Legal Framework on Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Public Law & Transnational Law
International Instruments with Global Outreach
Commonalities, Differences & Complementarity between Global Instruments
Tools to Support Implementation of Global Instruments
Other United Nations Processes
The Sustainable Development Goals
Multilateral & Regional Instruments
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: National Regulations on Firearms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Scope of National Firearms Regulations
National Firearms Strategies & Action Plans
Harmonization of National Legislation with International Firearms Instruments
Assistance for Development of National Firearms Legislation
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: Firearms, Terrorism and Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Firearms Trafficking as a Cross-Cutting Element
Organized Crime and Organized Criminal Groups
Criminal Gangs
Terrorist Groups
Interconnections between Organized Criminal Groups & Terrorist Groups
Gangs - Organized Crime & Terrorism: An Evolving Continuum
International Response
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Criminal Justice Response
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International and National Legal Framework
Firearms Related Offences
Role of Law Enforcement
Firearms as Evidence
Use of Special Investigative Techniques
International Cooperation and Information Exchange
Prosecution and Adjudication of Firearms Trafficking
Summary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Cybercrime
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Introduction to Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Basics of Computing
Global Connectivity and Technology Usage Trends
Cybercrime in Brief
Cybercrime Trends
Cybercrime Prevention
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: General Types of Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Offences against computer data and systems
Computer-related offences
Content-related offences
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Legal Frameworks and Human Rights
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
The Role of Cybercrime Law
Harmonization of Laws
International and Regional Instruments
International Human Rights and Cybercrime Law
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Introduction to Digital Forensics
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Digital Evidence
Digital Forensics
Standards and Best Practices for Digital Forensics
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Cybercrime Investigation
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Reporting Cybercrime
Who Conducts Cybercrime Investigations?
Obstacles to Cybercrime Investigations
Knowledge Management
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 6: Practical Aspects of Cybercrime Investigations & Digital Forensics
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Legal and Ethical Obligations
Handling of Digital Evidence
Digital Evidence Admissibility
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 7: International Cooperation against Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction
Formal International Cooperation Mechanisms
Informal International Cooperation Mechanisms
Data Retention, Preservation and Access
Challenges Relating to Extraterritorial Evidence
National Capacity and International Cooperation
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 8: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Strategies, Policies & Programmes
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Internet Governance
Cybersecurity Strategies: Basic Features
National Cybersecurity Strategies
International Cooperation on Cybersecurity Matters
Cybersecurity Posture
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 9: Cybersecurity & Cybercrime Prevention - Practical Applications & Measures
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Assets, Vulnerabilities and Threats
Risk
Vulnerability Disclosure
Cybersecurity Measures and Usability
Situational Crime Prevention
Incident Detection, Response, Recovery & Preparedness
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 10: Privacy and Data Protection
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Privacy: What it is and Why it is Important
Privacy and Security
Cybercrime that Compromises Privacy
Data Protection Legislation
Data Breach Notification Laws
Enforcement of Privacy and Data Protection Laws
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 11: Cyber-Enabled Intellectual Property Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Intellectual Property: What it is
Types of Intellectual Property
Causes for Cyber-Enabled Copyright & Trademark Offences
Protection & Prevention Efforts
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 12: Interpersonal Cybercrime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
Cyberstalking and Cyberharassment
Cyberbullying
Gender-Based Interpersonal Cybercrime
Interpersonal Cybercrime Prevention
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 13: Cyber Organized Crime
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Cyber Organized Crime: What is it?
Conceptualizing Organized Crime & Defining Actors Involved
Criminal Groups Engaging in Cyber Organized Crime
Cyber Organized Crime Activities
Preventing & Countering Cyber Organized Crime
Conclusion
References
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 14: Hacktivism, Terrorism, Espionage, Disinformation Campaigns & Warfare in Cyberspace
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Hacktivism
Cyberespionage
Cyberterrorism
Cyberwarfare
Information Warfare, Disinformation & Electoral Fraud
Responses to Cyberinterventions
Conclusion
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Counter-Terrorism
Teaching Guide
Module 1: Introduction to International Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Brief History of Terrorism
19th Century Terrorism
League of Nations & Terrorism
United Nations & Terrorism
Terrorist Victimization
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 2: Conditions Conducive to Spread of Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Radicalization & Violent Extremism
Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism
Drivers of Violent Extremism
International Approaches to PVE &CVE
Regional & Multilateral Approaches
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 3: International Counter-Terrorism Legal Framework
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Defining Rule of Law
UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
International Cooperation & UN CT Strategy
Legal Sources & UN CT Strategy
Regional & National Approaches
International Legal Frameworks
International Human Rights Law
International Humanitarian Law
International Refugee Law
Current Challenges to International Legal Framework
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 4: Criminal Justice Responses to Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Defining Terrorism
Criminal Justice Responses
Treaty-based Crimes of Terrorism
Core International Crimes
International Courts and Tribunals
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 5: Regional Counter-Terrorism Approaches
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
African Region
Inter-American Region
Asian Region
European Region
Middle East & Gulf Regions
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 6: Military / Armed Conflict Approaches
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Core Principles of IHL
Categorization of Armed Conflict
Classification of Persons
IHL, Terrorism & Counter-Terrorism
Relationship between IHL & intern. human rights law
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 7: Counter-Terrorism & Situations of Public Emergency
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Limitations Permitted by Human Rights Law
Derogation during Public Emergency
Examples of States of Emergency & Derogations
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 8: Right to Life
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Human Rights Instruments
Regional Human Rights Instruments
International Humanitarian Law
Extra-territorial Application of Right to Life
Arbitrary Deprivation of Life
Death Penalty
Enforced Disappearances
Armed Conflict Context
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 9: Prohibition against Torture et al.
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
Convention against Torture et al.
Regional Human Rights Instruments
International Humanitarian Law
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 10: Arrest & Detention
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Legal Framework
International Human Rights Instruments
Regional Human Rights Instruments
Key Contemporary Issues
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 11: Right to a Fair Trial
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Legal Framework
Regional Human Rights Instruments
Key Contemporary Issues
Investigative Phase
Trial & Sentencing Phase
Armed Conflict
Exercises & Case Studies
Exercises
Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 12: Privacy, Investigative Techniques & Intelligence Gathering
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
International Legal Framework
Regional & National Approaches
Key Contemporary Issues
Special Investigative Techniques
Surveillance & Interception of Communications
Privacy & Intelligence Gathering in Armed Conflict
Accountability & Oversight of Intelligence Gathering
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 13: Non-Discrimination & Fundamental Freedoms
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Principle of Non-Discrimination
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Expression
Freedom of Assembly
Freedom of Association
Fundamental Freedoms
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 14: Victims of Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Definition of 'Victim'
Effects of Terrorism
Access to Justice
Recognition of the Victim
Legal Framework
Human Rights Instruments
International Human Rights Law
Regional Human Rights Instruments
Criminal Justice Mechanisms
Instruments for Victims of Terrorism
National Approaches
Key Challenges in Securing Reparation
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Module 16: Linkages between Organized Crime and Terrorism
Module 15: Contemporary Issues of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Topic 1. Contemporary issues relating to conditions conducive both to the spread of terrorism and the rule of law
Topic 2. Contemporary issues relating to the right to life
Topic 3. Contemporary issues relating to foreign terrorist fighters
Topic 4. Contemporary issues relating to non-discrimination and fundamental freedoms
Exercises & Case Studies
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
References
Wildlife Crime
Module 1: Illicit Markets for Wildlife, Forest & Fisheries Products
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Demand and Consumption
Data
Supply and Demand
Implications of Wildlife Trafficking
Legal and Illegal Markets
Perpetrators and their Networks
Locations and Activities relating to Wildlife Trafficking
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 2: International Frameworks for Combating Wildlife Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Environmental Protection & Conservation
CITES & the International Trade in Endangered Species
Organized Crime & Corruption
Animal Welfare
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 3: Criminal Justice Responses to Wildlife Trafficking
Introduction & Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Criminal Justice Actors and Agencies
Criminalization of Wildlife Trafficking
Challenges for Law Enforcement
Investigation Measures and Detection Methods
DNA
Prosecution and Judiciary
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Student Assessment
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 4: Illegal Exploitation of Wild Flora
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Wild Flora as the Target of Illegal Trafficking
Purposes for which Wild Flora is Illegally Targeted
How is it Done and Who is Involved?
Consequences of Harms to Wild Flora
Criminal Justice Responses
References
Exercises
Core Reading
Advanced Reading
Additional Teaching Tools
Module 5: Sustainable Livelihoods and Community Engagement
Introduction and Learning Outcomes
Key Issues
Terminology
Background: Communities and conservation: A history of disenfranchisement
Incentives for communities to get involved in illegal wildlife trafficking: the cost of conservation
Incentives to participate in illegal wildlife, logging and fishing economies
International and regional responses that fight wildlife trafficking while supporting IPLCs
Mechanisms for incentivizing community conservation and reducing wildlife trafficking
Critiques of community engagement
Other challenges posed by wildlife trafficking that affect local populations
References
Exercises
Possible Class Structure
Additional Teaching Tools
Tools & Resources
Related resources
Electronic Evidence Hub
Newsletter archive
Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit
Contribute
Contact us
Contact us
Feedback survey
Databases
Database of Legislation
Database of Legislation
... or start browsing by
Country
UNTOC Articles
UNCAC Articles
Crime Type
Cross-Cutting Issues
Loading
* Please see
disclaimer
Corruption
Corruption
Counterfeiting
Counterfeiting
Participation in an organized criminal group
Participation in an organized criminal group
Drug offences
Drug offences
Money laundering
Money laundering
Obstruction of Justice
Obstruction of Justice
Cybercrime
Cybercrime
Piracy and Maritime crime
Piracy and Maritime crime
Smuggling of migrants
Smuggling of migrants
Trafficking in persons
Trafficking in persons
Trafficking in cultural property
Trafficking in cultural property
Crimes that affect the environment
Crimes that affect the environment
Falsified medical products
Falsified medical products
Trafficking in firearms
Trafficking in firearms
Terrorism
Terrorism
Offending
Offending
Details
involved an organized criminal group (Article 2(a) CTOC)
occurred across one (or more) international borders (transnationally)
Juvenile offenders
Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction
Active principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory by its nationals)
Passive principle of nationality (offence committed outside its territory against its nationals)
Effects doctrine (offence committed outside its territory over a conduct that produces substantial effects within the territory)
Principle of territoriality (offences committed upon one state’s territory, even if the offender is a foreign citizen)
Habitual residence (jurisdiction is established based on the place of habitual residence of the offender)
Protective jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established where a criminal act abroad is derogatory to the security of the state concerned and/or touches upon its vital interests)
Universal jurisdiction (jurisdiction is established over any person accused of committing grave international crimes e.g. piracy, war crimes, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions)
On board a ship/vessel flying its flag
On board an aircraft registered under its laws
Legally binding international agreements
Liability
Liability
Liability for
completed offence
attempt
Liability based on
criminal intention
no criminal intent
Recklessness/negligence/strict liability
Conscious avoidance
Liability as involves
principal offender(s)
participant, facilitator, accessory
organiser/director
financier
legal persons
Service providers/intermediary liability
Liability of legal persons
Criminal
Civil
Administrative
Sanctions against legal persons
Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
Prosecution, Adjudication and Sanctions
Details
Access to legal aid and legal representation
Pre trial issues
Prosecutorial discretion
Pre-trial detention
Non-custodial measures
Release pending trial
Trial and sentencing issues
Defences
Non-custodial sanctions
Custodial sanctions
Death penalty
Mitigating circumstances
Aggravating circumstances
Evidence (rules of)
Balance between immunities and jurisdictional privileges
Remotion, suspension or reassignment of public official
Procedures of disqualification of public official
Exercise of disciplinary powers of competent authorities
Post-trial Issues
Non-custodial measures (e.g. early release/parole)
Post-release support and social reintegration
Establishment of criminal record
Investigation Procedure
Investigation Procedure
Involved Agencies
Confiscation and seizure of
Proceeds of crime derived from offences covered by the Convention
Property, equipment or other instrumentalities
Proceeds of crime transformed or converted into other property
Proceeds of crime intermingled with legitimately obtained property
Income or other benefits derived from the proceeds
Confiscation and Seizure Details
Currency
Conviction based
Non-conviction based
Measures
Identification, tracing, freezing and/or seizure of the proceeds and instrumentalities of crime
Shift burden of proof to defendant to show that alleged proceeds of crime were derived from legitimate sources
Access by competent authorities to bank, financial or commercial records
Disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime and property
Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State party for victims compensation
Return of confiscated proceeds of crime or property to requesting State party to return to legitimate owner(s)
Rights of bona fide third parties
Administration of frozen, seized or confiscated property
Computer specific investigative measures
Seizure/Confiscation of hardware and/or software
Order for release of information from third party service providers
Collection of data through computer-specific investigation
Remote forensic tools
Transnational Assistance Requests to obtain digital data
Special investigative techniques
Special investigative techniques
Controlled delivery
Electronic or other forms of surveillance
Undercover operation(s)/ Assumed identities/ Infiltration
Informants
Law enforcement measures and cooperation
Exchange of information
Identity, whereabouts and activities of persons suspected
Movement of proceeds of crime or of property
Movement of property, equipment or other instrumentalities
Joint investigations
Financial investigations
Victims
Victims
Victims of crime
Details
Victims of crime
Gender considerations
Secondary Trauma/Secondary Victimization
Re-victimization
Child victimization
Forced recruitment of children and youth
Child orphans and/or children separated from their parents
Drug-related vulnerability
Early childhood victimization (0 to 6 years)
Rights
Access to Justice
Assistance and protection
Access to compensation and restitution for victims
Protection Measures
Decriminalisation
Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
Closed hearings
Physical protection
Repatriation of victims
Domestic or foreign relocation
Domestic evidentiary rules
Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on identity and whereabouts or hearings
Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
Cooperation with NGOs
Provision of shelter/ housing
Access to compensation and restitution for victims
Right to due process
Witnesses
Witnesses
Measures for justice collaborators
Sentence mitigation
Immunity from prosecution
Protection Measures
Physical protection / protection from retaliation
Non-disclosure or limitations on the disclosure of information on identity and whereabouts or hearings
Domestic or foreign relocation
Domestic evidentiary rules
Closed hearings of sensitive evidence
Opportunity to express views and concerns during criminal proceedings
Sentence mitigation or immunity from prosecution
Right to due process
Protection of whistleblowers / reporting persons
Protection and security
Police protection
Judicial and procedural measures
Covert protection programmes
Other details
Protection offered to family/other relevant persons connected to the witness
International cooperation
International cooperation
Involved Countries
Legal basis
UNTOC
UNCAC
legislation
Multilateral instrument (including regional)
bilateral treaty or agreement
Reciprocity/ comity
Measures
Extradition
International cooperation for confiscation/asset recovery
Mutual legal assistance
Transfer of criminal proceedings
Transfer of sentenced person(s)
International law enforcement cooperation (including INTERPOL)
Preservation of computer Data
Direct contact with service providers
Joint Investigation
Extradition
Legal Basis
UNCAC
Statute
Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or bilateral)
Virtue of reciprocity or comity
Dual criminality requirement
Yes
No
Based on the conduct underlying the offence
Details
Extension to accessory offences
Offences not complying with the minimum penalty requirement
Extradition for the purpose of enforcement of foreign sentence
International cooperation involving civil and administrative measures related to corruption
Extradition of nationals
Yes
No
Aut dedere aut judicare principle (extradite or prosecute)
Conditional surrender
Provisional arrest and detention pending extradition proceedings
Ground of refusal
Political offences, military offences, crimes against security, public order or other essential interest
Amnesty, statute of limitation or other immunity from prosecution
Discrimination clause
Humanitarian considerations
Death penalty, anticipated torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, political asylum, lack of fair trial assurances
Fiscal offences
Jurisdiction and extraterritoriality
Other grounds for refusal
Mutual legal assistance
Legal Basis
UNCAC
Statute
Treaty or other agreement or arrangement (multilateral, regional or bilateral)
Virtue of reciprocity or comity
Dual criminality requirement
Yes
No
Mutual legal assistance types
Taking evidence or statements from persons
Effecting service of judicial documents
Executing searches and seizures, and freezing
Examining objects and sites
Providing information, evidentiary items and expert evaluations
Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and records, including government, bank, financial, corporate or business records
Identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities or other things of evidentiary purposes
Cooperation for the purposes of confiscation and disposal of confiscated proceeds of crime or property
Facilitating the voluntary appearance of persons in the requesting State party
Spontaneous transmission of information
On asset recovery cases
Assistance that does not involve coercive measures, in absence of dual criminality
Other Measures
International cooperation in the collection, preservation and exchange of electronic evidence (including preservation of Computer Data and Direct contact with service providers)
International cooperation for the protection of victims and witnesses (i.e. repatriation, status of victims, etc.)
International cooperation for the prevention of organized crime
Expedited assistance for electronic evidence
Preservation of computer Data
Network point of contact 24-7
Direct contact with service providers
International law enforcement and police to police cooperation
National competent authorities
INTERPOL
Personnel posted abroad (Liaison officials, etc.)
Agreements or arrangements for purposes of cooperation
Exchange of personnel
Cooperation on offences committed through ID related crime / use of modern technology
Legal basis on law enforcement cooperation
Joint investigative bodies
Investigations on an ad hoc basis
Prevention
Prevention
Policies
Legislative measures
Institutions
Urban crime prevention
Youth crime/ youth gangs prevention
Groups at risk for crime
Risk factors
Protective factors
Resilience to crime
Local safety audits
Community policing
Crime prevention strategies and policies
Community-centred/community-based prevention
Prevention of re-offending
Awareness raising
Role of civil society and private sector
Electronic Evidence
Electronic Evidence
Electronic Evidence/Digital Evidence
Data
Data processing (lawfulness)
Data protection (transparency, purpose limitation, accuracy, data minimisation)
Data retention
data security
Rights of data subjects (data privacy)
Material and/or territorial scope
Competent supervisory authorities
Sanctions and remedies
Admissibility of Evidence (General)
Authentication
Application of best evidence rule
Presumption of integrity
Admissibility standards
Proof by affidavit
Cross examination
Agreement on admissibility of electronic documents/signature
Gender Equality Considerations
Gender Equality Considerations
Details
Gender considerations
Masculinities
Female principal offender
Gender disparities
Gender equality and women's empowerment
Gender-based violence and sextortion
Gender Mainstreaming
Gender-based discrimination and stereotypes
Human rights
Human rights
Details
Human rights mainstreaming
Human rights violations
LGBTIQ+
Persons with Disabilities
Children and Youth
Coordination
Coordination
National coordination bodies
